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anatomy exam 2 > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what type things does the skeletal system balance

A

acid/ base

electrolyte

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2
Q

what two things does the skeletal system produce

A

blood

hormones

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3
Q

what is another word for compact bone

A

cancellous

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4
Q

what lines the outside of bones

A

periosteum

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5
Q

what…

lines the internal marrow cavity

covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone

lines a canal system found throughout the compact bone.

A

endosteum

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6
Q

where is red bone marrow found

A

epiphysis

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7
Q

where is yellow bone marrow found

A

diaphysis

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8
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

ends of bone

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9
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

shaft of bone

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10
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

caps on the ends of epiphysis

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11
Q

what produce osteoblasts and osteocytes

A

osteogenic cells

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12
Q

what build bone

A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

what are trapped within the matrix and maintain bone tissue

A

osteocytes

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14
Q

what are the projections on osteocytes

what do they do

A

canoluli

communicate with other osteocytes

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15
Q

what were osteocytes originally before they became trapped in the matrix

A

osteoblasts

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16
Q

what “chew up” bone

A

osteoclasts

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17
Q

what enzyme do osteoclasts release

A

acid proteases

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18
Q

what bone cell releases calcium when doing its job

A

osteoclasts

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19
Q

what type of bone cell are multinucleate

A

osteoclasts

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20
Q

what do osteocytes imbed themselves in (their capsule)

A

lacuna

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20
Q

from superficial to deep, what are the 3 layers of the skeletal system (starting with osteoblasts)

A

osteoblasts

osteoid

mineralized bone

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21
Q

what protein is mixed in with the skeletal system during early mineralization

A

collagen

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22
Q

what unit make up compact bone

what shape are they

A

osteons

circular

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23
Q

what is the bone between the circular osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

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24
Q

what is another word for the osteon system

A

Haversian system

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25
Q

what is the unit the makes up spongey bone

A

trabeculae

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26
Q

how does spongy bone get its nutrients (since its avascular)

A

red bone marrow

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27
Q

is compact bone vascular

A

yes

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28
Q

what type of bone is usually found along areas of physical stress

A

spongey bone

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29
Q

what is practically the only type of bone marrow in children

A

red

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30
Q

-

A

-

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31
Q

what is pre bone tissue called

A

osteoid tissue

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32
Q

where is the primary ossification center of long bone formation in an early cartilage model

A

in the center of the cartilage model

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33
Q

at birth, where is the secondary ossification center

A

at the ends of the bones, closer to epiphysis

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34
Q

what does the epiphysial plate become when long bones are done growing

A

the epiphysial line

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35
Q

in bone lengthening, what are the 5 zones of bone from cartilage to spongey bone

A

reserve cartilage
cell proliferation
hypertrophy
calcification
bone deposition

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36
Q

where is the cessation of mitosis in bone lengthening

A

zone of cell hypertrophy

37
Q

where do osteoblasts originate

A

under the periosteum

38
Q

how is bone widened

A

a blood vessel creates a ridge, and the vessel eventually gets engulfed

39
Q

what is the canal called that aids vessels connecting in bone widening

A

perforating canal

40
Q

after an initial osteon is formed during bone widening, what packs around that to widen the bone even further

A

circumferential lamella

41
Q

what percent of the skeleton is remodeled throughout the year

A

10%

42
Q

what are 3 uses of bone remodeling
hint: repair ___, release _____, _____ bone in response to use and disuse

A

repair micro fractures

release minerals into blood

reshape bone in response to use or disuse

42
Q

what is Wolffs law of bone

A

bone shape is determined by mechanical stress put upon it

43
Q

what two bone cells are active during bone remodeling

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

44
Q

what tend to grow bigger on bones in response to mechanical stress

A

boney processes

45
Q

what hormone tones bones by depositing calcium onto them

A

calcitonin

46
Q

what gland releases calcitonin

A

thyroid

47
Q

when there is increased calcium in blood, what happens in the kidneys

A

reabsorption decreases

48
Q

when calcium absorption decreases in the kidneys, what happens to blood calcium levels

A

it decreases

49
Q

what hormone is released when blood calcium is low

A

parathyroid hormone

50
Q

how does calcium absorption in the small intestine increase

A

vitimin D synthesis

51
Q

when calcium levels are low, how do the kidneys play a role

A

calcium is reabsorbed from urine

52
Q

what is the process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

A

mineralization

53
Q

what is the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood

A

mineral reabsorption

54
Q

where do osteoclasts perform mineral reabsorption

A

ruffled boarder

55
Q

what hormone is responsible for absorption of calcium by the digestive tract to put into bone

A

calcitriol

56
Q

what 2 hormones are responsible for the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys to be put into blood

A

calcitriol and PTH

57
Q

what hormone is responsible for the deposition of calcium onto bones by osteoblasts

A

calcitonin

58
Q

what two hormones are responsible for the reabsorption of calcium from bone via osteoclasts to be put back into blood

A

calitriol

PTH

59
Q

what is the most active form of vitimin D

A

calcitriol

60
Q

what gland releases calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

61
Q

what cells of the thyroid gland release calcitonin

A

C cells (clear cells)

62
Q

what hormone may inhibit bone loss in pregnant and lactating women

A

calcitonin

63
Q

what hormone has a weak effect in adults, but a strong effect in children

A

calcitonin

64
Q

PTH is released when calcium levels are ____

A

low

65
Q

what are the 4 ways PTH increases calcium in blood

releases _______ from bone

reduces _____ absorption by ______

activated ______ absorption in gut

inhibits the production of _____ ______

A

calcium

calcium, kidneys

vitimin D

collagen fibers

66
Q

what hormone raises phosphate levels

A

calcitriol

67
Q

phosphate in blood is regulated as much as calcium levels

true or false

A

false, theyre regulated much less

68
Q

how does calcitriol raise blood phosphate levels

A

promotes absorbtion of P by small intestine

69
Q

what hormone lowers blood phosphate levels

A

PTH

70
Q

how does PTH lower blood P levels

A

promotes its urinary excretion

71
Q

what type of hormones cause bone growth to stop

A

anabolic steroids

72
Q

how can HGH stunt growth

A

you run out of epiphysial plate and it becomes an epiphysial line prematurely

73
Q

2 different hormones affect bone tissue, what are they

(besides the ones involved in Ca and P regulation)

A

estrogen and testosterone

74
Q

what hormone is great at bone growth, but is shorter term

A

estrogen

this explains why girls in elementary school are bigger than boys, but the reverse is true for high school aged children.

75
Q

what is a perpendicular/ butt joint fracture

A

transverse

76
Q

what is an angled fracture

A

oblique

77
Q

what is a twisted fracture

A

spiral

78
Q

what is a fracture that results in more than two peices of bone being broken off

A

comminuted

79
Q

what is when one epiphysis breaks ooff

A

avulsion

80
Q

what is a fissure caused by downward pressure called

A

impacted

81
Q

what is a crack in the middle of a bone called

A

fissure

82
Q

what is a fracture in a child called when the bone bends slightly

A

greenstick

83
Q

what are the 4 phases of bone fracture repair

A

hematoma formation

soft callous formation

hard callous formation

bone remodeling

84
Q

what 6 things make up the axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebrae
sternum
ribs
sacrum
hyoid

85
Q

what type of skeleton does the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle have

A

appendicular

86
Q

about how many bones does an adult have

about how many bones does one have at birth

A

206

270

87
Q

what bones make the number of bones in someone vary

A

sesamoid bones

88
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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