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anatomy exam 2 > muscle physiology II > Flashcards

muscle physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

ATP supply depends on _____ supply

A

oxygen

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2
Q

what do you add to ADP to make it ATP

A

phosphate

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3
Q

what does anaerobic fermentation produce

A

lactate (lactic acid)

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4
Q

how many ATP per glucose molecule does the mitochondria produce

A

36

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5
Q

what are high energy phosphates that can be used to make ATP called

A

phosphagens

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6
Q

when are phosphogens used as an energy source

are they aerobic or anaerobic

A

around the 10 sec mark

anaerobic

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7
Q

when youre at work, creatine and ATP make energy, what is the reverse process when youre resting

A

phosphocreatine + ADP

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8
Q

what transfers one phosphate from ADP to another ADP to make ATP and AMP

A

myokinase

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9
Q

what is an enzyme that adds a phosphate to something else

A

a kinase

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10
Q

what gets used up during the first 3 seconds of working out

A

oxygen from myoglobin

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11
Q

what gets used around the 2 min mark for exercise

A

the glycogen lactate system (anaerobic, only produces 2 ATP/glucose, produces lactic acid so youre sore)

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12
Q

what respiration are you using when youre doing endurance training

A

aerobic respiration

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13
Q

rank the types of energy usage from:
3 sec
10 sec
10 sec- 2 mins
30 mins
beyond 30 mins

A

oxygen from myoglobin
phosphogen system
glycogen lactate system
aerobic respiration using glucose and FA
aerobic respiration just FA (glucose depletion)

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14
Q

in exercises lasting longer than 10 mins, ___% of ATP is produced aerobically

A

90

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15
Q

what is the term for when muscle growth is stimulated from cellular enlargement

happens in body builders

A

hypertrophy

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16
Q

does skeletal muscle undergo mitosis to get bigger

A

no

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17
Q

what 2 things do slow twitch muscles have more of than fast twitch muscles

what do they have less of

A

mitochondria
density of blood capillaries

sarcomeres

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18
Q

marathon runners have a higher ____ ____ ____ count than the average person

A

red blood cell

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19
Q

how do muscles get smaller with age or the cessation of exercise

A

contractual proteins get broken down

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20
Q

what is the term for age related muscle loss

A

sarcopenia

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21
Q

after age 30, how much muscle does one tend to lose per decade

A

3-5%

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22
Q

what accumulates in muscles that allows for fatigue during high intensity workouts

A

K

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23
Q

what releases calcium into skeletal muscle fibers

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

what 2 things being depleted lead to fatigue in slow twitch muscles/ duration training

A

fuel depletion
electrolyte depeltion

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25
Q

what part of the body can get fatigued during endurance training that isn’t muscles

A

the central nervous system

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26
Q

brain motor neurons inhibited by exercising muscles release ______, which is linked to fatigue

A

ammonia

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27
Q

what is the amount of oxygen the an individual can utilize during intense exercise called

what are its units

A

maximum oxygen intake (VO2)

kg/min

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28
Q

every muscle contains a ____ of fiber types

A

mix

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29
Q

slow twitch fibers are also called

A

slow oxidative fibers

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30
Q

slow twitch muscles have _____ myoglobin than fast twitch fibers

A

more

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31
Q

which muscle fibers are more red

A

slow twitch

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32
Q

which muscle fibers are recruited for movement first

why

A

slow twitch

size principle; theyre smaller so they go first

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33
Q

do most humans have fast glycolytic fibers or fast oxidative fibers

A

fast glycolytic

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34
Q

bigger muscles have more ______

A

sarcomeres

35
Q

what do fast twitch muscles have more of (2)

A

sarcomeres

glycogen reserves

36
Q

large motor units have more FG fibers/ power, but less _____

A

control

37
Q

what 2 things do fast oxidative fibers have more of (think about it)

what color are they

A

myoglobin
blood vessels

red

38
Q

what is the term for being able to contract rhythmically and independently of the NS

A

autorythmic

39
Q

what two things does the autonautic NS control for the heart

A

heart rate

contraction strength

40
Q

musle cells in a given heart chamber contract in _____

A

unison

41
Q

what type of muscle fibers are shorter, thicker, and branched (relative to skeletal muscle)

A

cardiac

42
Q

how many nuclei are in a given cardiomyocyte

A

1 or 2

43
Q

what two types of facia do heart muscle cells lack

A

perimysium

epimysium

44
Q

what type of respiration does the heart use

A

aerobic

45
Q

heart muscle cells have large _______

A

mitochondria

46
Q

what do heart muscle cells get replaced with after their loss

A

scar tissue

47
Q

in heart muscle cells, what is less developed and what is larger (relative to skeletal muscle)

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum less developed

larger T tubules

48
Q

what are tiny channels that allow the rapid passage of ions between cells in the heart

A

gap junctions

49
Q

what are intercellular junctions in heart muscle cells that provide strong adhesion between cells

A

desmosomes

50
Q

what joins cardiomyocytes together

A

intercalated discs

51
Q

what layer is on the outside of a smooth muscle

what layer is on the inside of a smooth muscle

A

longitudinal

circular

52
Q

how do smooth muscles modify pressure and flow of blood in the circulatory/ respiratory system

A

dilating or constricting

53
Q

goosebump muscles and the iris contain _____ muscle

A

smooth

54
Q

what shape are smooth muscles

A

fusiform

55
Q

how many nuclei do smooth muscle cells have

A

1

56
Q

how many nuclei do skeletal muscles have

A

many

57
Q

how does smooth muscle regenerate

A

mitosis and hypertrophy

58
Q

what type of muscle has a net like structure of myofilaments

A

smooth muscle

59
Q

what type of muscle cels lack nerve supply

A

smooth muscle

60
Q

what is the equivalent to a z disc in smooth muscle cells

A

dense bodies

61
Q

in smooth muscles,

what filaments are attached to dense bodies

what filaments are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm

A

actin

myosin

62
Q

what contain synaptic vesicles in smooth muscle that allow for ACh to be responded to

A

varicocities

63
Q

what are the flask like invaginations on smooth muscle that increase surface area

A

caveolae

64
Q

what does unitary mean in reference to smooth muscle

A

requires only 1 or 2 nerve fibers to activate an entire sheet of smooth muscle

65
Q

what does multiunit refer to in smooth muscles

A

each myocyte contracts independently and has its own neuron

66
Q

what type of smooth muscle contains gap junctions

A

unitary

67
Q

what type of smooth muscle does not have gap junctions

A

multiunit

68
Q

why is a smooth muscle contraction much slower than skeletal muscle

A

slow to break up ATP

69
Q

what is it called when smooth muscles contract at regular intervals

A

audtorhythmicity

70
Q

how does smooth muscle make most of its ATP

A

aerobically

71
Q

what type of muscle does not contain myofibrils or sarcomeres

A

smooth muscle

72
Q

where does smooth muscle get its calcium

A

extracellular fluid

sarcoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

what type of muscle does not have T tubules

A

smooth muscle

74
Q

what protein does calcium bind to on smooth muscle

A

CaM

75
Q

after calcium binds to CaM in smooth muscle, what happens to it

A

it activates a myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

76
Q

what happens after CaM activates MLCK

A

it adds a phosphate group to the myosin and myosin can then break ATP up so that it can perform its action

77
Q

for smooth muscle relaxation, what 3 things must happen

A

calcium must leave the cell

Ca dissociates from CaM

a phosphate is removed from myosin

78
Q

what enables myosin to remain attached to actin for a prolonged time without consuming more ATP

what muscles do this

A

latch bridge mechanism

smooth muscle

79
Q

what is tetanus tonic contraction

A

smooth muscle tone

80
Q

what happens in the GI tract that causes Ca channels to open

A

mechanical stretching

81
Q

what is it called when a smooth muscle is stretched and it briefly contracts and resists, but then relaxes again (happens in the urinary tract so you dont pee yourself when your bladder is stretched)

A

stress relaxation response

82
Q

what are 2 reasons smooth muscle can contract even when its stretched

A

there are no z discs

myosin heads are everywhere in the muscle so they can attach anywhere and produce a strong response

83
Q

what is a muscles ability to adjust its tension to the degree of stretch

A

plasticity

84
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (6 decks)

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