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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The Human skeletal system comprises of?

A

all bones, tendons, cartilage and ligaments of the body.

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2
Q

Human Skeletal makes up nearly ______ of average human’s body weight.

A

20%

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3
Q

It composed of around _____ bones at birth = fuse together overtime = _____ by the time human reaches adulthood.

A

270
206

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4
Q

It provides the structural support for the human body and protects all the organs.

A

Skeletal System

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5
Q

Skeletal System is separated into 2 categories depending on purpose and location .

A

Axial Skeleton Appendicular skeleton

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6
Q

Axial Skeleton has how many bones?

A

80 bones

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7
Q

Axial Skeleton includes the following:

A
  1. Skull
  2. Rib cage
  3. Spine
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8
Q

Axial Skeleton forms the central structure of the skeleton which aims to protects the following organs like:

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. Spinal cord
  4. Brain
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9
Q

Appendicular Skeleton has how many bones?

A

126 bones

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10
Q

Appendicular Skeleton includes the following:

A
  1. Arms
  2. Legs
  3. Pelvic girdle
  4. Shoulder girdle
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11
Q

The lower portion of the appendicular skeleton protects the major organs:

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Reproduction
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12
Q

It provides stability for the human body during periods of motion (walking, running)

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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13
Q

The __________ also allows for a greater range of motion when human body is lifting and carrying objects of great weight

A

upper portion

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14
Q

Four components of the skeletal system:

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilage
  3. Tendons
  4. Ligaments
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15
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A
  1. Body support
  2. Organ protection
  3. Body movement
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell production
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16
Q

Cartilage provides a firm yet flexible support within certain structures such as?

A

nose, external ear, thoracic cage, trachea.

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17
Q

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together.

A

Ligaments

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18
Q

If blood levels of these minerals ________, the minerals are released from bone into the blood (calcium, phosphorus= essential for many physiological process).

A

decrease

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19
Q

Bones contain ________ filled with red bone marrow, which gives rise to blood cells and platelets.

A

cavities

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20
Q

Is composed of cartilage cells within an extensive and relatively rigid matrix.

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

The surface of nearly all cartilage is surrounded by layer odd dense irregular connective tissue =__________= protective connective tissue sheath

A

perichondrium

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22
Q
  • hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
  • no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves.
A

Articular Cartilage

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23
Q

Three types of Cartilage:

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
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24
Q

This type of cartilage growth:
- chondroblasts in in the perichondrium
add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage.
- chondroblasts lay down new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue.

A

Appositional growth

25
Q

This type of cartilage growth:
chondrocytes in the center of the tissue
divide and add more matrix in-between the existing cells

A

Intestinal growth

26
Q

In bone, as in other connective tissues, the bone cells produce the ___________ and become entrapped within it. The cells also break down old matrix so that new matrix can replace it.

A

bone matrix

27
Q

Bone matrix composition is responsible for?

A

the characteristics of bone

28
Q

Bone Matrix by weight, normally about?

A

35% organic and 65% inorganic material

29
Q

Bone Matrix’s organic material consists primarily of?

A

collagen and proteoglycans.

30
Q

Bone Matrix’s Inorganic material consists primarily of a calcium phosphate crystal called __________ which has the molecular formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.

A

hydroxyapatite

31
Q

_________ and _________ components are responsible for the major functional characteristics of bone.

A

collagen and mineral

32
Q

If all the mineral is removed from a long bone, collagen becomes the primary constituent and the bone is?

A

overly flexible

33
Q

if the collagen is removed from the bone, the mineral component becomes the primary constituent and the bone is?

A

very brittle

34
Q

formation of new bone by osteoblasts

A

Ossification or osteogenesis

35
Q
  • bone-forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes.
  • produce collagen and proteoglycans, which are packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and released from the cell by exocytosis
A

Osteoblasts

36
Q

Osteoblast releases?

A

matrix vesicles (Ca2+ and PO4 3−)

37
Q

an osteoblast has secreted enough bone matrix to become surrounded by it the cell is referred to as an?

A

osteocyte

38
Q

the spaces without matrix but occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies

A

lacunae

39
Q

the spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell extensions are called?

A

Canaliculi

40
Q

the cells and their extensions form a ______ around which the matrix is formed.

A

“mold”

41
Q

● are bone-destroying cells
● these cells perform reabsorption, or breakdown, of bone that mobilizes crucial Ca2+ and phosphate ions for use in many metabolic processes

A

Osteoclasts

42
Q

The osteoclast cell membrane then further differentiates into a highly folded form = _____________

A

ruffled border

43
Q

the first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification is fairly weak bone.

A

Woven bone

44
Q

________ woven bone formation, osteoclasts break down the woven bone and osteoblasts build new matrix

A

after

45
Q

the process of removing old bone and adding new bone

A

bone remodeling

46
Q

Woven bone is remodeled into a stronger, more permanent type called?

A

lamellar bone

47
Q

is mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers approximately 3–7 micrometers (μm) thick called lamellae

A

lamellar bone

48
Q

appears porous, has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone

A

Spongy bone

49
Q

SP consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called _________ (50-400 um) between the __________ are spaces, which in life are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.

A

trabeculae

50
Q

has more bone matrix and less space than spongy bone

A

compact bone

51
Q

Blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself, and the _________________ are primarily oriented around those blood vessels.

A

lamellae of compact bone

52
Q

the functional unit of a long bone is an ________ or __________ system

A

osteon or haversian

53
Q

center portion of the bone

A

Diaphysis

54
Q

hollow center surrounded by compact bone

A

Medullary Cavity

55
Q

ends of long bones

A

Epiphysis

56
Q

cartilage covering the end of a long bone

A

Articular cartilage

57
Q

located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate/Growth plate

58
Q

connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

A

Periosteum

59
Q

a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones,

A

Endosteum

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) (7 decks)

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