Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Give at least 4 functions of the muscular system.

A

Movement of the body
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Production of body heat
Communication
Constriction of organs and vessels
Contraction of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The function of this muscle is body movements.

A

Skeletal Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The function of this muscle is moving food through the digestive tract, emptying the urinary bladder, regulating the blood vessel diameter, contracting ,any gland ducts.

A

Smooth Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The function of this muscle is pumping blood; contractions provide the major force for propelling blood through blood vessels.

A

Cardiac Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the autorhythmic of the three muscle types?

A

Skeletal Muscle - No
Smooth Muscle - Some of them
Cardiac Muscle - Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the control of the three muscle types?

A

Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
Smooth Muscle - Involuntary
Cardiac Muscle - Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the general properities of muscle tissue?

A

Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Forms a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle.

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subdivides each whole muscle into numerous, visible bundles of muscle fibers.

A

Perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual
muscle fibers within each fascicle

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two main aspects to muscle contraction:

A

Electrical component
Mechanical component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the electrical component structures?

A

Sarcolemma
Transverse tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bundles of protein filaments

A

Myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thin filaments

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

thick filaments

A

Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

__________ are the structural and functional units of skeletal muscles

A

Sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 Proteins of Actin Myofilament

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

composed of many elongated myosin molecules shaped like
golf clubs.

A

Myosin Myofilament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The heads bind to active sites on the actin molecules to form ____________ to contract the muscle. (Properties Myosin)

A

cross-bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The heads are attached to the rod portion by a _________
that bends and straightens during contraction (Properties Myosin)

A

hinge region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The heads break down _______________________,
releasing energy (Properties Myosin)

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The primary function of skeletal muscle cells is to generate force by? (Sliding Filament Model)

A

contracting, or shortening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere
allows them to ________, which causes muscle contraction. (Sliding Filament Model)

A

interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When sarcomeres _________, myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicles, and muscles all shorten to produce muscle
contraction. (Sliding Filament Model)

A

shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During muscle relaxation, sarcomeres? (Sliding Filament Model)

A

lengthen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(Skeletal Muscle Fiber Physiology)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Action potentials travel from the? (Skeletal Muscle Fiber Physiology)

A

brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Electrically excitable cells are?(Skeletal Muscle Fiber Physiology)

A

polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The phospholipid bilayer interior is a hydrophobic environment, which inhibits the movement of? (Ion Channels)

A

charged particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The basis of the electrical properties of skeletal muscle cells is the movement of _____ across the cell membrane (Ion Channels)

A

ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ions can move across the cell membrane through? ion channels (Ion Channels)

A

ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give two types of Ion Channels.

A

Leak ion channels
Gated ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cell membrane is more _______ to K+ than to Na+(The Resting Membrane Potential)

A

permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Concentration of K+ inside the cell membrane is _______ than that outside the cell membrane (The Resting Membrane Potential)

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Concentration of _____ outside the cell membrane is higher than that inside the cell membrane (The Resting Membrane Potential)

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Occurs when the excitable cell is stimulated. A reversal of the resting membrane potential such that the
inside of the cell membrane becomes positively charged
compared with the outside

A

Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Before a neuron or a muscle fiber is stimulated, the gated Na+ and K+ ion channels are? (Action Potential)

A

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When the cell is stimulated, ligand-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ _______ into the cell. (Action Potential)

A

diffuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The __________ charged Na+ makes the inside of the cell membrane depolarized (more positive) (Action Potential)

A

positively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If the depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach _________, an action potential is triggered. (Action Potential)

A

threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Threshold is the membrane potential at which gated _____________ open. (Action Potential)

A

Na+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The depolarization phase of the action potential is a brief period during which further depolarization occurs and the inside of the cell becomes even more? (Action Potential)

A

positively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

As the inside of the cell becomes positive, this voltage change causes additional permeability changes in the cell membrane, which stop depolarization and start? (Action Potential)

A

repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The repolarization phase is the return of the membrane
potential to its resting value. It occurs when? (Action Potential)

A

ligand-gated Na+ channels close and gated K+ channels open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When K+ moves out of the cell, the inside of the cell
membrane becomes more negative and the outside
becomes more positive. The action potential ends, and the
_____________________ is reestablished. (Action Potential)

A

resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Action potentials produced in the sarcolemma of a skeletal
muscle fiber can lead to contraction of the muscle fiber.

A

Muscle Contraction

47
Q

Release of ______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a “switch” or muscle contraction (Muscle Contraction)

A

Ca2+

48
Q

The contraction of the fiber is due to the? (Muscle Contraction)

A

mechanical component

49
Q

Ca2+ is stored in the? (Muscle Contraction)

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum actively transports Ca2+ into its? (Muscle Contraction)

A

lumen

51
Q

Muscle contraction begins with the __________ at its resting membrane potential. (Muscle Contraction)

A

muscle fiber

52
Q

Release of ____________ at the neuromuscular junction will produce an action potential in the sarcolemma. (Muscle Contraction)

A

acetylcholine

53
Q

Occurs when acetylcholine is no longer released at the
neuromuscular junction.

A

Muscle Relaxation

54
Q

The lack of _______________ along the sarcolemma stops
Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Muscle Relaxation)

A

action potentials

55
Q

keeps acetylcholine from accumulating within the synaptic cleft where it would act as a constant stimulus at the motor end-plate, producing continuous contraction in the muscle fiber.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

56
Q

The mechanical component of muscle contraction. Cause the sarcomeres to shorten and the muscle will contract

A

Cross-Bridge Movement

57
Q

Response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron.

A

Muscle Twitch

58
Q

This phase of twitch is when the gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron and the beginning of contraction.

A

Lag phase/latent phase

59
Q

This phase of twitch commences once the Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and cross-bridge cycling.

A

Contraction phase

60
Q

This phase of twitch is much longer than the contraction phase, because the concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Relaxation phase

61
Q

Contraction where muscle does not shorten.

A

Isometric contractions

62
Q

Example of Isometric contractions

A

lifting something that is far too heavy for you

63
Q

Contraction where muscle shortens. Also increases the tension in the muscle and decreases the length of
the muscle.

A

Isotonic contractions

64
Q

Example of Isotonic contractions

A

moving limbs in order to lift an object

65
Q

are isotonic contractions in which tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, and the muscle shortens

A

Concentric

66
Q

Example of Concentric Contraction

A

lifting a loaded backpack from the floor to a tabletop

67
Q

are isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle but the opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length

A

Eccentric

68
Q

Example of Eccentric Contraction

A

lowering a heavy weight

69
Q

contract more slowly, have a better-developed blood supply, have more mitochondria, and are more fatigue-resistant than fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers

70
Q
  • have a less-well-developed blood supply
  • have very little myoglobin, fewer and smaller mitochondria
  • contract rapidly for a shorter time and fatigue relatively quickly
A

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (type II)

71
Q

Characteristics of Slow-Twitch Oxidative (SO) (Type I)

A

Myoglobin Content - High
Mitochondria - Many
Capillaries - Many
Metabolism - High aerobic

72
Q

Characteristics of Fast-Twitch Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) (Type IIa)

A

Myoglobin Content - High
Mitochondria - Many
Capillaries - Many
Metabolism - Intermediate

73
Q

Characteristics of Fast-Twitch Glycolytic (FG) (Type IIb)

A

Myoglobin Content - Low
Mitochondria - Few
Capillaries - Few
Metabolism - Low

74
Q

Temporary state of reduced work capacity.

A

Muscle Fatigue

75
Q

________ and ATP depletion due to either an increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production (Muscle Fatigue)

A

Acidosis

76
Q

_______ inflammatory reactions (Muscle Fatigue)

A

Local

76
Q

A characterized by the buildup of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radicals) (Muscle Fatigue)

A

Oxidative stress

77
Q

Highly repetitive eccentric muscle contractions produce pain more readily than concentric contractions.

A

Muscle Soreness

78
Q

The pain is related to the effects of ___________________ on the muscle fibers. (Muscle Soreness)

A

inflammatory chemicals

79
Q

In people with exercise-induced muscle soreness, enzymes that are normally found inside muscle fibers can be detected in the? (Muscle Soreness)

A

extracellular fluid

80
Q

These enzymes are able to leave the muscle fibers because injury has increased the permeability of plasma membranes, or has even? (Muscle Soreness)

A

ruptured them

81
Q

They contain less actin and myosin than do skeletal muscle cells.

A

Smooth Muscle

82
Q

Smooth muscle cells contract more ________ than skeletal muscle cells.

A

slowly

83
Q

Cardiac muscle shares some characteristics with?

A

both smooth and skeletal muscle

84
Q

The actin and myosin myofilaments are organized into sarcomeres but the distribution of myofilaments is not as ___________ as in skeletal muscle (striated).

A

uniform

85
Q

The majority of our muscles extend from one bone to another and cross at least?

A

one joint

86
Q

Muscle is connected to the bone by a?

A

tendon

87
Q

Specific body movement a muscle contraction causes

A

Action

88
Q

Muscles are typically studied in groups called?

A

agonists
antagonists

89
Q

Example of the action of a single muscle or group of muscles is opposed
by that of another muscle or group of muscles.

A

the biceps brachii flexes (bends) the elbow and the triceps brachii extends the elbow

90
Q

Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement.

A

Synergists

91
Q

Example of Synergists

A

deltoid, biceps brachii, and pectoralis major working together to flex the shoulder

92
Q

plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement

A

Primer mover

93
Q

Example of prime mover

A

brachialis is the prime mover in flexing the elbow

94
Q

are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved

A

Fixators

95
Q

Example of Fixators

A

muscles of the scapula act as fixators to hold the scapula in
place while other muscles contract to move the humerus

96
Q

Muscle names are based by?

A

Location (pectoralis)
Size (gluteus maximus)
Shape (deltoid- triangular)
Orientation of fascicles (rectus- straight, parallel)
Origin and insertion (sternocleidomastoid)
Number of heads (biceps)
Function

97
Q

Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening; act as sphincters to close the opening.

A

Circular

98
Q

Example for Circular Fascicle

A

Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi

99
Q

Broadly distributed fascicle converge at a single tendon.

A

Convergent

100
Q

Examples of Convergent Fascicle

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor

101
Q

Fascicles lie parallel to
one another and to
the long axis of the muscle

A

Parallel

102
Q

Examples of Parallel Fascicles

A

Trapezius
Rhomboideus
Rectus abdominis

103
Q

Effects of Aging (Give at least 2)

A

Reduction in muscle mass
lower response time for muscle contraction
Reduction in stamina
Increased recovery time
Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as 25 years of age, and by age 80 the muscle mass has been reduced by approximately 50%

104
Q

Painful, spastic contractions of a muscle; usually due to a buildup of lactic acid.

A

Cramps

105
Q

Non-life-threatening, chronic, widespread pain in muscles with no known cure; also known as chronic muscle pain syndrome.

A

Fibromyalgia

106
Q

Enlargement of a muscle due to an increased number of myofibrils, as occurs with increased muscle use.

A

Hypertrophy

107
Q

Decrease in muscle size due to a decreased number of myofilaments; can occur due to disuse of a muscle, as in paralysis.

A

Atrophy

108
Q

Group of genetic disorder in which all types of muscle degenerate and atrophy.

A

Muscular dystrophy

109
Q

Inflammation of a tendon or its attachment point, due to overuse of the muscle.

A

Tendinitis

110
Q

Muscles are weak and fail to relax following forceful contractions; affects the hands most severely; dominant trait in 1/20,000 births.

A

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

111
Q

Results from an abnormal gene on the X chromosome and is therefore a sex-linked (X-linked) condition

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

112
Q

The gene is carried by females, but DMD affects males almost exclusively, at a frequency of? (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

A

1 in 3000

113
Q

The DMD gene is responsible for producing a protein called
_________, which plays a role in attaching myofibrils to other proteins in the cell membrane and regulating their activity (Duchenne muscular dystrophy)

A

dystrophin

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions