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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

Receiving sensory input
Integrating information
Controlling muscles and glands
Maintaining homeostasis
Establishing and maintaining mental activity

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

CENTRAL
* Brain
* Spinal Cord

PERIPHERAL
* Nerves
* Ganglia

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3
Q

from sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory division

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4
Q

from the CNS to effector organs

A

Motor division

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5
Q

receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

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6
Q

carry out different activities that enhance neuron
function and maintain normal conditions within nervous
tissue

A

Glial cells

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7
Q
  • short, branching cytoplasmic extensions
  • receive information from other neurons
A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

A

Axon

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9
Q

The difference between Axons of sensory neurons and Axons of motor neurons.

A

Axons of sensory neurons conduct action potentials towards the CNS, and axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from the CNS.

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10
Q

This Glial Cell is major supporting cells in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

This Glial Cell is line the fluid-filled cavities.

A

Ependymal cells

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12
Q

This Glial Cell act as immune cells of the CNS.

A

Microglia

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13
Q

This Glial Cell provides an insulating material that surrounds axons.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

This Glial Cell provides insulating material around axons.

A

Schwann Cells

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15
Q

This Glial Cell provides insulating material around axons

A

Satellite Cells

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16
Q

specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some
neurons

A

Myelin Sheaths

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17
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

lack the myelin sheaths

A

Unmyelinated axons

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19
Q

a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ

A

Synapse

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20
Q

Give the Nuerotransmitters (substances)

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin
Dopamine
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine
Endorphins

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21
Q

The nerves of the PNS can be divided into two
groups, what are they?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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22
Q

Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of
the skull to the second lumbar vertebra.

A

Spinal Cord

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23
Q

Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus.

A

Reflexes

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24
Q

basic functional unit of the nervous system because it is
the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

A

Reflex arc

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25
Q

occurs when muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them.

A

Knee-Jerk Reflex

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26
Q

connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

A

Brainstem

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27
Q

Brainstem consist of 3 parts, what are they?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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28
Q

Brainstem controls?

A

heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

29
Q

the most inferior portion of the brainstem; it regulates heart rate and blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance, and coordination

A

Medulla Oblongata

30
Q

Immediately superior to the medulla oblongata. Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, as well as several nuclei.

31
Q

Pons control the functions for?

A

breathing, swallowing, balance chewing and salivation

32
Q

Lies superior to the pons. Smallest region of the brainstem. Involved in coordinating eye movements and controlling pupil diameter and lens shape.

33
Q

Midbrain also contains ____________ involved in regulating general body movements.

A

substantia nigra

34
Q

Attached to the brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles.

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

Part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum.

A

Diencephalon

36
Q
  • the largest part of the diencephalon.
  • consists of a cluster of nuclei
  • influences mood and registers an unlocalized,
    uncomfortable perception of pain
37
Q
  • Small area superior and posterior to the thalamus.
  • Consists of a few small nuclei, involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors, and the pineal gland.
A

Epithalamus

38
Q

an endocrine gland that may influence the onset of puberty

A

Pineal gland (influenced by the light-dark cycle)

39
Q
  • most inferior part of the diencephalon
  • contains several small nuclei that are very important in
    maintaining homeostasis
A

Hypothalamus

40
Q

Hypothalamus controls?

A
  • control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst
  • sexual pleasure, rage, fear, and relaxation after a meal
41
Q

The largest part of the brain. It is divided into left and right hemispheres.

42
Q

This lobe is important in the control of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, and olfactory reception.

A

Frontal lobe

43
Q

This lobe contains sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, and
balance).

A

Parietal lobe

44
Q

This lobe is the receiving and perceiving visual input.

A

Occipital lobe

45
Q

This lobe contains olfactory (smell) and auditory (hearing) sensations and plays an important role in memory.

A

Temporal lobe

46
Q

connective tissue membranes that surround and
protect the brain and spinal cord

47
Q

most superficial and thickest of the meninges

A

dura mater

48
Q
  • second meningeal membrane
  • “spiderlike”
  • space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the
    subdural space
A

arachnoid mater

49
Q

third meningeal membrane

50
Q

Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains blood vessels.

A

Subarachnoid space

51
Q
  • provides a protective cushion around the CNS
  • produced by choroid plexuses
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

52
Q
  • Blockage of the openings in the fourth ventricle or
    the cerebral aqueduct
  • CSF accumulate in the ventricles
A

Hydrocephalus

53
Q
  • are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your
    brain
  • send electrical signals
  • designated by Roman numerals from I to XII
A

Cranial Nerves

54
Q

two general categories of cranial nerve function

A

Sensory and Motor

55
Q

vision, touch and pain in the face

A

Sensory functions

56
Q

This motor function innervates skeletal muscles in the head and neck.

A

Somatic motor

57
Q

This motor function innervates glands, smooth muscle throughout the body, and cardiac muscle of the heart.

A

Parasympathetic

58
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

59
Q
  • innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
    glands
  • functions are largely controlled unconsciously
  • composed of sympathetic division and the
    parasympathetic division
A

Autonomic Nervous System

60
Q

Fight or Flight division, located at T1-L2 for preganglionic while located at chain ganglia for postganglionic .

A

Sympathetic

61
Q

Rest and digest division, located at CIII, CVII, CIX, CX; S2-S4 spinar nerves for preganglionic while located at terminal ganglia near for postganglionic.

A

Parasympathetic

62
Q

Site of Release and effect of Acetylcholine (ACh).

A

Site of Release - CNS synpases, ANS synapses, and neuromuscular junctions
Effect - Excitatory or inhibitory

63
Q

Site of Release and effect of Norepinephrine (NE).

A

Site of Release - Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses
Effect - Excitatory

64
Q

Site of Release and effect of Serotonin.

A

Site of Release - CNS synapses
Effect - Generally inhibitory

65
Q

Site of Release and effect of Dopamine.

A

Site of Release - Selected CNS synapses and some ANS synapses
Effect - Excitatory or inhibitory

66
Q

Site of Release and effect of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

A

Site of Release - CNS synapses
Effect - Inhibitory

67
Q

Site of Release and effect of Glycine.

A

Site of Release - CNS synapses
Effect - Inhibitory

68
Q

Site of Release and effect of Endorphins.

A

Site of Release - Descending pain pathways
Effect - Inhibitory

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY LEC) (7 decks)

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