Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My BIO DAT Prep > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Long bone features:

A

Made of cortical bone (compact) and pockets of cancellous bone (spongy)
Contain: epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, metaphysics and epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cortical bone is ________, while cancellous bone is _________

A

Compact
Spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of long bones
Converted by articular cartilage because they form synovial joints with other bones
Spongy bone containing red bone marrow on the inside, important for hematopoesis (production of RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long, hollow shaft between the epiphyses
The outside is covered in a membrane called the periosteum, which wraps around the cortical bone itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The “hollow” inside of the diaphysis
Contains cancellous bone that hold yellow bone marrow
Lined by a membrane called the endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

“Growth plate”
Made of hyaline cartilage
Lies between the epiphysis and metaphysics
Grows in the direction of the metaphyses but lengthens the diaphysis
Grows in response to growth factors
Ossifies when pubertal hormones signal for calcification and apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Metaphyses

A

Found between the medullary cavity and the epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal- as wide as they are long
Provide support without doing a lot of movement
Primarily made up of cancellous bone covered by a very thin layer of cortical bone
Ex: bones in the wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Flat bones

A

Consist of cancellous bone sandwiched between cortical bone
Mainly provide protection
Ex: bones that make up the skull, and the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Embedded within tendons to increase the muscles leverage on the bone (eg. help the muscles pull)
Ex: kneecap/patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Irregular bone

A

Irregularly shaped
Made of abundant cancellous interior surrounded by a thin layer of cortical bone
Ex: bones of the pelvis and spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cortical bone

A

The dense outer layer of bone that allows bones to support our weight
Composed of microstructures: Osteons, Haversian canals, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and Volkmann’s canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteons

A

The functional unit of cortical bone
Haversian canal lies in the center of each osteon (which is why osteons are sometimes referred to as Haversian systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Haversian canals

A
  • Lie at the center of each osteon
  • Contain blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone cells living in lacunae
  • tunnels burrowed by osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

Connect adjacent Haversian canals to one another and to the periosteum which provides the blood and nutrients that the bone needs to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae that hold trapped bone cells (osteocytes) and
Connect to each other, as well as the Haversian canal through canaliculi allowing for exchange of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that connect lacunae and the Haversian canals of a single osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cancellous bone

A

The inner network of spongy bone
Soaks up red bone marrow is network of trabeculae
Part of bone where hematopoiesis occurs (production of RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cells involved in bone remodeling:

A

Osteoprogenitors
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A
  • Immature precursor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
  • part of mesenchymal stem cell lineage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Build bone
  • Mononucleated cells
  • Mature into osteocytes after getting trapped inside the bone matrix they create
  • Secrete proteins (organic compounds) and collagen that make osteoid
  • They make the enzyme that allows calcium, phosphorus and water to crystalize into hydroxyapatite
  • incapable of mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Osteoid

A

Organic component of bone
Contains many proteins and type 1 collagen fibers
Gives bone tensile strength

24
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Inorganic component of bone
Made up of crystallized calcium, phosphorus and water
Gives bone density and strength

25
Osteoclasts
* *Multinucleated* cells * Derived from **monocytes** (hematopoietic stem cell lineage) * **Reabsorb** bone back to blood and *chew* through bone * Can be found in **Howship’s lacunae**, which are their own lacunae that they create as they chew through bone * have carbonic anhydrase
26
Bone remodeling
The process of going back and forth between the processes of ossification (bone formation) and resorption (bone loss)
27
Mechanisms involved in bone remodeling
Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin
28
Parathyroid hormone in bone remodeling
**Increases** blood calcium levels by stimulating *osteoclasts* and depressing *osteoblasts* Secreted by the **parathyroid gland**
29
Vitamin D in bone remodeling
**Increases** blood calcium levels by *raising* intestinal calcium *absorption* *Activated* by the parathyroid hormone , but provides a negative feedback on PTH production
30
Calcitonin in bone remodeling
**Decreases** blood calcium levels by depressing *osteoblasts*, allowing *osteoblasts* to build bone without competition Secreted by *parafollicular cells* (C cells) of the **thyroid gland**
31
Intramembranous ossification
* Bone is created **directly** within *fibrous membranes* (undifferentiated connective tissue is replaced by bone) * Mainly for **flat bones**, skull, sternum, manidble, clavicles
32
Intramembranous ossification steps
1) osteoblasts secrete osteoid: ossification center forms within the mesenchyme 2) osteoid hardness (calcification) and encourages osteoblasts to mature into **osteocytes** 3) osteocytes form **trabeculae** which gets wrapped by blood vessels, forming the surrounding **periosteum** 4) cortical bone begins to grow between periosteum and trabeculae; periosteum is now fully formed
33
Endochondral ossification
* Bone is created **indirectly** throng a *cartilage model* * Mainly for **long bones**, limbs, fingers, toes
34
Endochondral ossification steps
1) a **cartilage model** is created around the *8th* week of development and *calcification* begins at the center 2) at around *12 weeks*, **primary ossification center** forms from osteoblasts invading the calcified center and increased vascularization 3) **secondary ossification centers** are established at **epiphyses** and **osteoblasts** chew out the inside of the *diaphysis*, creating the **medullary cavity**
35
what are the fibrous connective tissues?
Tendons: muscle to bone Ligaments: bone to muscle Periosteum: covers diaphysis of cortical bone Endosteum: lines medullary cavity, between cortical and cancellous bone
36
Periosteum
Protective fibrous membrane that covers cortical bone at the diaphysis Has two sublayers: **Outer fibrous layer**- contains nerves and is vascularized **Inner “cambium” layer**- contains collagen fibers for attachment of the periosteum to cortical bone underneath and osteoprogenitor cells
37
Endosteum
Lies between **cortical and cancellous** bone Lines the **medullary cavity** of long bones Surround the cancellous bone of **epiphyses** Lines the cavities of **Haversian and Volkmann’s** canals
38
Joints
Vascularized, innervated and found between bones Three types: synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses
39
Synarthroses joints
Dense, fibrous joints that **do not move** (Stable)
40
Amphiarthroses joints
Cartilaginous joints between bones that **partially move** (Able)
41
Diarthroses joints
Synovial joints between bones that are **fully movable** *typically contain hyaline cartilage* (Doable)
42
what is the cuticle of the exoskeleton?
a non-living layer of the exoskeleton on insects and other annthropods which is composed of hard chitin
43
hyaline cartilage
* contains relatively few fibers and is soft and flexible * acts as a cushion to absorb shock and offers smooth surface for movement (reduces friction) in area when bones connect * provides support and stability to joints
44
what tissue does cartilage develop from?
mesenchyme tissue: mesenchyme tissue differentiates into chondrocytes which secrete collagen and proteoglycans forming the cartilaginous matrix
45
what does yellow bone marrow store?
adipose tissue
46
articular cartilage
a type of hyaline cartilage (thin layer) that covers the epiphyses and function to absorb shock and minimize friction
47
osteoperosis
* causes bone density to decrease, making the bone easier to break or fracture * to prevent, high calcium and vitamin D intake and exercise is important
48
what hormone can help maintain bone density?
estrogen, but it can increase the risk of blood clots, heart disease and cancer in females
49
fibrous joints
* connect bones without allowing any movement * ex: skull, pelvis, spinous process, and vertebrae
50
cartilaginous joints
* bones are attached by cartilage and allow little movment * ex: spine and ribs
51
composition of cartilage:
* composed primarily of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate, and receives nutrients via diffusion
52
what surrounds cartilage?
cartilage is surrounded by a dense fibrous connective tissue called **perichondrium**
53
what are the functions of bone?
* support soft tissue * protect internal organs * assist in body movement * mineral storage * blood cell production * energy storage in the form of adipose cells in bone marrow
54
what is woven bone?
* immature and weak bone * first bone to form during development and in fracture repair * replaced with llamerlar (spongy and/or compact) bone which is srong and mature
55
osteocytes
* incapable of mitosis * exchange nutrients and waste material with blood

My BIO DAT Prep (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions