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Diversity of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A
  • Stain dark purple
  • Thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall
  • No outer (second) membrane
  • Relatively small periplasm
  • No (endotoxins) lipopolycaccharide (LPS)
  • Secrete exotoxins
  • Contain teichoic acids (acidic polysaccharide connecting peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane for rigidity and structure
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2
Q

Gram-negative bacteria:

A
  • Stain pink (due to counterstain)
  • Thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall
  • Contains periplasm between inner and outer membrane
  • Outer (second) membrane present
  • LPS present (an endotoxin release when bacteria is destroyed)
  • Secrete exotoxins
  • No teichoic acids
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3
Q

Cell wall of archea

A

No peptidoglycan present in cell wall, instead they contain some pseudomurein (a molecule that is analogous to peptidoglycan but with different peptide cross bridges)

Cell walls are also composed of sugars, proteins and inorganic molecules

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4
Q

Cell wall of eubacteria

A

Peptidoglycan present (a carbohydrate and protein polymer), encompassing the entire bacterial cell wall and allows for anchoring

The peptide and carbohydrate cross bridge linkages have D-amino acids that provide structural integrity

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5
Q

DNA organization of archea

A
  • Circular
  • Utilize histones and introns
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6
Q

DNA organization in eubacteria

A
  • Circular
  • Lack histones and introns
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7
Q

Endospores

A
  • Produced by some bacteria
  • A tough, non-reproductive structure that allows bacteria to enter a dormant state
  • In the dormant state, the cell’s genetic material is preserved, allowing the cell to survive during times of extreme environmental stress
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8
Q

Fungus-like protists

A
  • Lack a cell wall made of chitin
  • Can move with flagella and cilia
  • Saprophytic: feed on decaying matter
  • Most live in moist soil
  • Ingest food via phagocytosis
  • Asexual reproduction and sporulation (spores produced have thick and strong cell walls allowing to resist environmental conditions
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9
Q

Plant-like protists

A

(algae-like protists)
* Among the most important primary consumers
* Photosynthetic autotrophs: produce organic matter from inorganic molecules using photosynthesis
* Examples: diatoms, euglenoids and dinoflagellates —> unicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs that reproduce asexually and are found in aquatic environments

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10
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Responsible for red tide (toxins build up, oxygen in water is depleted)
Posses 2 flagella (find food in the absence of light)
Can parasitically infect certain animals (heterotrophic)

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11
Q

Animal-like protists

A
  • Known as protozoa
  • Eukaryotic (membrane-bound organelles)
  • Unicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • Move via flagella and cilia
  • Often parasitic pathogens that infect and feed off a host organism (consume living cells or dead organic matter
  • Contain food vacuole to store food
  • Ingest food via phagocytosis
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12
Q

Kingdom fungi key features

A
  • Heterotrophic sporophytes: feed on decaying/dead matter
  • Posses a cell wall contain the polysaccharide glucan
  • Have a predominantly haploid life cycle
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13
Q

Nonfilamentous fungi

A
  • Yeast
  • unicellular
  • Reproduce asexually by budding
  • Facultatively anaerobic: utilize fermentation in absence of oxygen to convert glucose to carbon dioxide and ethanol
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14
Q

Filamentous fungi

A
  • Molds
  • Multicellular and multinucleate
  • Undergo aerobic respiration (require oxygen to gain energy from food)
  • Reproduce sexually
  • Form hyphae
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15
Q

Hyphae

A

Long, branching filaments that extend out to form a network of fungi (mycelium) with nearby fungi

› Collectivley all the hyphae are known as mycelium, which includes all connected spores

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16
Q

Septate hyphae

A
  • Have septum dividing hyphae into multiple sections/compartments
  • Causes the mycelium to look segmented
  • Cell division occurs with cytokinesis which generates the individual septa as the cell grows
  • Each compartment has a single nucleus
  • Septa can close if injured and septa increases structural stability
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17
Q

Coenocytic hyphae

A

No septa present
One long continuous multinucleate cell (coenocyte)
Cell division occurs without cytokinesis
No septa allows for rapid nutrient diffusion

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18
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes general characteristics and examples

A
  • Reproduce sexually (hermaphrodites) or asexually (regeneration)
  • Mainly aquatic habitats
  • Parasitic lifestyle
  • Most primitive of triploblasts
  • Have organs
  • Ex: tapeworms, flukes, planarian and flatworms (The Flat Planet Failed)
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19
Q

Phylum platyhelminthes body symmetry

A

Bilateral symmetry (can be split into equal right and left halves down the mid-sagittal plane) with cephalization (concentration of nervous/central organs in the brain/head)

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20
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes tissue organization

A

Triploblastic (derived from three embryonic germ layers)
Eumetazoa

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21
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes digestive system:

A

Gastrovascular cavity (one opening with two way digestion), except for tapeworms (they absorb food from surroundings)

Use a combination of extracellular (enzymes secreted into gastrovascular cavity, food particles breakdown) and intracellular (food particles engulfed and digested in food vacuoles) digestion

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22
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes circulatory system

A

None- diffusion

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23
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes respiratory system

A

None- diffusion

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24
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes nervous system

A

Utilize two nerve cords (dense nerve bundle running along the length of invertebrates) and anterior centralized ganglia (brain)
Some planarians have eyespots

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25
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes excretory system

A

Utilize protonephridia: bundle of flame cell that are involved in osmoregulation and filtering harmful substances from the body (function similarly to a kidney)

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26
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction: hermaphtodites (have both male and female sex organs
Asexual reproduction: regeneration

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27
Q

Phylum Nematoda general characteristics and examples

A
  • Some utilize cuticles: flexible exoskeleton that prevents degradation by host digestive system
  • longitudinal muscles (no circular muscles)
  • Parasitic
  • Not segmented
  • Primarily reproduce sexually but some reproduce asexually through parthenogenesis
  • Ex: round worms, hook worms and C. elegans, trichinella and ascaris
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28
Q

Phylum Nematoda body symmetry

A

Bilateral

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29
Q

Phylum Nematoda tissue organization

A

Triploblastic: derived from three embryonic germ layers
Pseudocoelomates: possessing a “pseudo” (fake) coelom —> utilized as a hydrostatic skeleton which allows for their locomotion (along with their longitudinal muscles)

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30
Q

Phylum Nematoda digestive system

A

Alimentary canal: complete, one-way digestive system from the mouth to the anus, including the esophagus, stomach and intestines

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31
Q

Phylum Nematoda circularity system

A

None- diffusion

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32
Q

Phylum Nematoda respiratory system

A

None- diffusion

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33
Q

Phylum Nematoda excretory system

A

None- diffusion

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34
Q

Phylum Nematoda nervous system

A

Utilize nerve cord and nerve ring (wraps around the esophagus)

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35
Q

Phylum Rotifera general characteristics and examples

A
  • Not truly segmented
  • Can reproduce sexually or parthenogenetically
  • Small aquatic invertebrates organisms, mostly freshwater environments
  • Draw food and water into mouth by beating motile cilia
  • Feed on particular organic matter, protozoans, and dead algae
  • Contribute greatly to nutrient recycling and are often used in cleaning fish tanks water
  • Ex: Rotifer
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36
Q

Phylum Rotifera body symmetry

A

Bilateral

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37
Q

Phylum Rotifera digestive system

A

Alimentary canal: complete, one way digestive system from the mouth to the anus

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38
Q

Phylum Rotifera circulatory system

A

None-diffusion

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39
Q

Phylum Rotifera respiratory system

A

None- diffusion

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40
Q

Phylum Rotifera excretory system

A

Utilize protonephridia with flame cells (also use cilia to help with the filtering process)

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41
Q

Phylum Rotifera nervous system

A

Utilize a cerebral ganglia (brain) with some nerves extending through the body

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42
Q

Phylum Rotifera reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction: parthenogenesis (virgin birth) where an underutilized egg develops into an offspring

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43
Q

Phylum Annelida general characteristics and examples

A
  • The first phyla to develop segmentation
  • Segmented bodies
  • Coelom is divided by septa
  • Longitudinal and circular muscles
  • Ex: Earthworm, Leech, polychaete
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44
Q

Phylum Annelida body symmetry

A

Bilateral

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45
Q

Phylum Annelida tissue organization

A

Triploblastic
Coelomate: possessing a true coelom

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46
Q

Phylum Annelida digestive system

A

Alimentary canal: complete, one way digestive system with gizzard —> mechanical digestion of food before going to the intestines

Earthworms use crop for food storage, gizzard to grind food and intestine that contains typhlosole to increase surface area for absorption

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47
Q

Phylum Annelida circulatory system

A

(First phyla to posses a true circularly system)
Closed circulatory system: (blood always found in a vessel and never fills the body cavities) blood is pumped through vessels by the heart, multiple pairs of aortic arches and distinct arteries and veins

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48
Q

Phylum Annelida nervous system

A

Utilize ventral nerve cord and anterior ganglia (brain)

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49
Q

Phylum Annelida excretory system

A

Most have metanephridia: excretory glands for osmoregulation that make up the back bone of the excretory system. They are a series of tubes with cilia that move fluid, which then empty into coelom and eventually brought to the exterior via ducts

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50
Q

Phylum Annelida reproduction

A

Asexual: regeneration
Sexual: hermaphrodites

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51
Q

Phylum Annelida embryonic development

A

Protostome: blastopore forms the mouth
Determinant cleavage: fate of the cell is determined early on

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52
Q

Phylum Mollusca general characteristics and examples

A
  • Visceral mass (mantle): thin tissue layer found within the shell and holds the bulk of organs, secrete calcium carbonate (can be used to make shells for a snail)
  • Aquatic or land (terrestrial) habitats
  • Hemocoel
  • Ex: Clams, snails, slugs, squid, octopus, cephalopod, gastropod
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53
Q

Phylum Mollusca body symmetry

A

Bilateral

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54
Q

Phylum Mollusca tissue organization

A

Triploblastic coelomate

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55
Q

Phylum Mollusca digestive system

A

Alimentary canal
Radula: “tongue” covered in tiny teeth

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56
Q

Phylum Mollusca circulatory system

A

Open circulatory system
Blood goes to the hemocoel: space (separate from the coelom) within an organism where blood can flow freely around the internal organs

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57
Q

Phylum Mollusca respiratory system

A

Utilize gills

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58
Q

Phylum Mollusca nervous system

A

Utilize ventral nerve cords and central ganglia (brain)

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59
Q

Phylum Mollusca excretory system

A

Utilize nephridia: pair of osmoregulatory “kidneys”

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60
Q

Phylum Mollusca embryonic development

A

Protostomes: blastopore develops into the mouth
Spiral and determinant cleavage

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61
Q

Phylum Anthropoda general characteristics (all)

A
  • Most diverse phylum with the highest number of different species
  • three classes: class insecta, class arachnida, and class crustacea
  • Arhtro- joint, poda- feet
  • chitinous exoskeleton: complex carbohydrate exoskeleton outside of the body
  • Segmented body
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62
Q

Phylum Anthropoda body symmetry (all)

A

Bilateral symmetry

63
Q

Phylum Anthropoda tissue organization (all)

A

Triploblastic coelomate

64
Q

Phylum Arthropoda embryonic development (all)

A

Protostomes: a shizocoelom formed by schizocoely

65
Q

Phylum Arthropoda digestive system (all)

A

Alimentary canal
Some have salivary glands to help breakdown food and a jaw to mechanically breakdown food

66
Q

Phylum Arthropoda circulatory system (all)

A

Open circulatory system: hemolymph

67
Q

Phylum Arthropoda nervous system (all)

A

Utilize fused ganglia land ventral nerve cord

68
Q

Class insecta general characteristics and examples

A
  • Exoskeleton made of chitin
  • Jointed appendages
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • One pair of antennae
  • Many have wings
  • More species than any other phylum combined
  • Metamorphosis: distinct stages, altered appearance as insect matures
  • Ex: ants, grasshopper and honeybees
69
Q

Class insecta respiratory system

A

Utilize spiracles (small openings in the exoskeleton where air enters) and teacheal tubes (site of gas exchange) for respiration

70
Q

Class insecta excretory system

A

Utilize malpighian tubes: small tubes found on the abdomen, function similarly to nephridia and kidneys, excrete uric acid

71
Q

Class arachnida general characteristics and examples

A
  • Four pairs of legs
  • Chelicerae: specialized jaw structures that are used for eating
  • Pedipalps: specialized arms used for a variety of different things (ex: defense and mating)
  • terrestrial habitats
  • Exoskeleton
  • Jointed appendages
  • Ex: spider, scorpion
72
Q

Class arachnida respiratory system

A

Some utilize a trachael respiratory system
Some utilize book lungs: series of hemolymph filled plate-like structures (vascularized tissue) on either side to increase surface area for gas exchange

73
Q

Class arachnida excretory system

A

Some utilize malpighian tubes
Some utilize coxal glands: osmoregulatory and excretory structures of nitrogenous waste
Excrete uric acid

74
Q

Class Crustacea general characteristics and examples

A
  • Aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  • Jointed appendages (variable number)
  • Exoskeleton
  • 2 pairs of antennae
  • Segmented bodies
  • Ex: Lobsters, crayfish and crab, shrimp, barnacles
75
Q

Class Crustacea respiratory system

A

Utilize gills

76
Q

Class Crustacea excretory system

A

Aquatic: utilize green glands - osmoregulatory and excretory structures for nitrogenous wastes
Terrestrial: utilize malpighian tubes

77
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes coelom

A

Acoelomate (lacking a coelom, no body cavity present)

78
Q

Diploblastic organisms

A

Have two cell layers: endoderm and ectoderm
no mesoderm

79
Q

Nephridia

A

Pairs of osmoregulatory ‘kidneys’ found in invertebrates —> protonephridia and metanephridia are specific types of nephridia

80
Q

What is the earliest phylum that is considered to be a coelomate?

A

Annelida

81
Q

Mycelium

A

Network of fungi connected by hyphae

82
Q

Schizocoelom

A

Type of coelom forms due to the separation of mesodermal cells during development

Organisms with this type of coelom formation undergo schizoely: a process in the embryonic development of protostomes

83
Q

Enterocoelome

A

Type of coelom arises as a result of an out pocketing of the embryonic gut into the mesodermal space

Organisms that have enterocoeloms undergo enterocoely, a process in the embryonic development of deuterostomes

84
Q

Endospores

A

Tough, non-reproductive structures bacterial species form to withstand desiccation, starvation, extreme temperatures, enzymatic destruction and chemical changes

It is a dormant state that allows bacteria to survive until they can energy from this state and become viable bacteria

85
Q

First phyla to have an alimentary canal with one-way digestion

A

Nematoda

86
Q

What is the first phyla to have accessory organs in addition to an alimentary canal?

A

Mollusca

87
Q

Phylum Echinodermata general characteristics and examples

A
  • Utilize a water vascular system: contain a central ring canal at center of body, radial canals going down their appendages, a madreporite where water can enter into the canals and tube feet found on ventral surfaces (can be expanded or contracted by the use of hydrostatic pressure, very rigid movement for walking and obtaining food)
  • Water vascular system assists in gas exchange, nutrient exchange and waste exchange because water is being circulated throughout their body
  • Closest related major phyla to chordates
  • Only found in marine habitats (water)
  • Ex: Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
88
Q

Phylum Echinodermata body symmetry

A

Adult: five fold radial symmetry
Larvae: bilateral

89
Q

Phylum Echinodermata tissue organization

A

Triploblasic, coelomate, eumetazoa

90
Q

Phylum Echinodermata digestive system

A

Alimentary canal: Complete, one-way digestive system (with an anus and mouth)

91
Q

Phylum Echinodermata circulatory system

A

Open circulatory system with no heart

92
Q

Phylum Echinodermata respiratory system

A

None- diffusion

93
Q

Phylum Echinodermata excretory system

A

None- diffusion

94
Q

Phylum Echinodermata reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction: regeneration
Sexual reproduction

95
Q

Phylum Echinodermata embryonic development

A

Dueterostomes: blastopore forms the anus
Radial cleavage
Indeterminant cleavage: cell date isn’t determined early on

96
Q

Phylum Echinodermata nervous system

A

Nerve ring and radial nerves

97
Q

Phylum Chordata body symmetry

A

Bilateral

98
Q

Phylum Chordata tissue organization

A

Triploblastic, eumetazoans (animals with true tissues, organs and digestive cavity), coelomate

99
Q

Phylum Chordata embryonic development

A

Deuterostomes: blastopore forms the anus

100
Q

Which phyla are protostomes

A

Annelida
Mollusca
Antrhopoda
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Rotifera

101
Q

Which phyla are deuterostomes

A

Echinodermata
Chordata

102
Q

Which phyla are neither protostomes or deuterostomes

A

Porifera
Cnidaria

103
Q

Notochord

A

Shared trait of all chordates
Cartilaginous rod that supports the body during embryonic development and forms the primitive axis (most lose the notochord as they mature and is replaced by bone to form the spinal bones not the spinal cord)

104
Q

what is the notochord derived from

A

The mesoderm

105
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Shared trait of all chordates
Forms the spinal cord - develops into the central nervous system and brain

106
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Shared trait of all chordates
Forms the pharynx, gills or other feeding structures and provides channels from the pharynx to other structures (or to the outside of the body)
In humans —> the pharyngeal slits forms the eustachian tubes and other head and neck structures

107
Q

Muscular post-Anal-tail

A

Shared trait of all chordates
Lost during embryonic development in humans and many other chordates

108
Q

Lancelets

A

(Also known as amphioxus or cephalochordata)
* Lack vertebrae: they keep the notochord through adulthood for structural support
* Marine organisms that occupy the benthic habitat (bottom of water)

109
Q

Lancelets circulatory system

A

Closed circulatory system, lack a heart, and contain contractile blood vessels

110
Q

Lancelets respiratory system

A

Diffusion through body walls

111
Q

Tunicates

A

(Also known as urochordata)
* Sessile: immobile
* Filter feeders
* Live in benthic habitats
* Only have a notochord as larvae

112
Q

Tunicates reproduction

A

Sexual: hermaphroditic
Asexual: budding

113
Q

Tunicates circulatory system

A

Utilize both open and closed, contain a heart capable of changing direction of blood flow

114
Q

Tunicates respiratory system

A

Respire through gills

115
Q

jawless fish examples

A

(Also known as Agnatha)
* lamprey
* hagfish

116
Q

Jawless fish circulatory system

A

2-chambered heart

117
Q

jawless fish respiratory system

A

Gills
Countercurrent exchange within gills: blood flows opposite to water, allows for gas exchange through the entire length

118
Q

Cartilaginous fish general characteristics and examples

A

(Also known as Chondrichthyes)
* Have jaws and teeth
* Skeleton made up of cartilage
* Ex: sharks and rays

119
Q

Cartilaginous fish circulatory system

A

Two-chambered heart

120
Q

Cartilaginous fish respiratory system

A

Gills
Countercurrent exchange

121
Q

Bony fish general characteristics and examples

A

(Also known as Osteichthyes)
* Bony skeleton (skeleton made of bone tissue)
* Ex: salmon and halibut
* Include ray-finned fish (actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygii)

122
Q

Bony fish circulatory system

A

Two-chambered heart

123
Q

Bony fish respiratory system

A

Gills
Countercurrent exchange

124
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Bony-fish: ray-finned fish
Most extant fish

125
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Bony fish: lobe-finned fish, lung fish, coelacanth

126
Q

Amphibians general characteristics and examples

A
  • No scales
  • Undergo metamorphosis
  • Ex: frogs and salamanders
127
Q

Amphibians circulatory system

A

Three-chambered heart: to atria and one ventricle

128
Q

Amphibians respiratory system

A

Larvae: gills
Adult: lungs and skin

129
Q

Mammalia general characteristics

A
  • Have hair
  • Have mammary glands
  • Four-chambered heart
  • Lungs
  • Most are endothermic: generate their own body heat
  • Divided into three groups: monotremes, marsupial and placental mammals
130
Q

Monotreme mammals general characteristics and examples

A
  • least diverse
  • lay eggs
  • they sweat their milk and the young lick it off the mother
  • platypus
  • spiny anteater
131
Q

Marsupial mammals general characteristics and examples

A
  • young are born poorly developed, nourished by mother in pouch until they are developed
  • kangaroo
  • opossum
132
Q

Placental mammals general characteristics and examples

A
  • homeotherms
  • nourish young via placenta: vascular organ found in uterus, connect to developing young via umbilical cord
  • ex: bats, whale, mouse, humans
133
Q

Non-avian reptiles general characteristics and examples

A
  • internal fertilization
  • cold blooded (poikilothermic): have internal temperatures that vary in response to external environment
  • ectotherms: do not produce their own heat
  • ex: sea turtle, snake, crocodile, alligator, lizards
134
Q

Non-avian reptiles circulatory system

A

three-chambered heart
exception: crocodiles and alligators utilize a four-chambered heart

135
Q

Non-avian reptiles respiratory system

A

Lungs

136
Q

Birds general characteristics and examples

A
  • oviparous: egg laying
  • have pneumatizied bones: bones that are hollow and filled with air, making flight much easier
  • modified forelimbs (often wings)
  • eagle, blue jay, penguins
137
Q

Birds respiratory system

A

Lungs with air sacs surrounding the lungs (makes the respiratory system more efficient)

138
Q

birds circulatory system

A

Four-chambered heart

139
Q

Phylum Cnidaria general characteristics and examples

A
  • Occupy aquatic habitats
  • Some have cnidocytes(cells shooting poisonous barbs)
  • Some have life-cycles with a polyp stage: non-motile, reproducing asexually
  • Ex: Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral
140
Q

phylum Cnidaria body symmetry

A

Radial (around central axis)

141
Q

Homeothermic

A

Animals maintaining a stable internal temperature in response to various external temperatures

142
Q

Cephalization

A

Refers to organisms with a head
The head of a cephalic organism contains various sensory structures that connect to the central nervous system (brain)
echinodermata no not develop cephalization

143
Q

What is the earliest animal in the subphylum vertebra

A

Jawless fish

144
Q

Circulatory system of cephaloochordates

A

Closed circulatory system without a heart: blood travels by contractile blood vessels

145
Q

Teichoic acids

A

Acidic polysaccharides found only in gram-positive bacteria
They connect the cell wall peptidoglycan to the cell membrane providing rigidity and structure

146
Q

Asexual reproduction of fungi steps:

A

1) A haploid mycelium grows a haploid spore-producing structure
2) Haploid spore (conidia) produced
3) Conidia grow by mitosis and form myecilium that is genetically identical to the parent myecilium

Alternatively, fungi (or hyphae) are also capable of fragmentation or budding (regeneration)

147
Q

Under which conditions do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

Under favorable environmental conditions

148
Q

What is a defining characteristic of Cnidaria?

A

The presence of cnidocytes: stinging cells that function in prey-capture and predator defense

149
Q

Plasmogamy

A

A process that marks the beginning of sexual reproduction in fungi where two hyphae of a mycelium fuse their cytoplasm, putting the two haploid nuclei (pronuclei) into one cell

150
Q

The mesoderm is a cavity that lies between:

A

The mesoderm and the endoderm

151
Q

An organism is classified as a coelomate if:

A

The coelom is surrounded by the mesoderm on all sides

152
Q

Example of animal-like protists

A
  • Rhizopoda: amoebas that move via pseudopodia and ingest food via phagocytosis
  • Foraminifera: have shells made of calcium carbonate
  • Amoeba: shapeless, unicellular and move via pseudopods
  • Paramecium: group of ciliates that have specialized mouths which help them consume food
  • Apicomplexans: parasites of animals, no mortality, causes malaria
  • Ciliates: a paramecium that utilize cilia for mobility, and is most complex of all cells
153
Q

Example of fungus-like protists

A
  • Slime molds: can cellular or plasmodia’s that release haploid chores which haploid amoeba cells emerge from
  • Water molds: oomycetes that are coenocytic (lack septa) and contain many nuclei within a single cell
154
Q

phylum cnidaria nervous system:

A

nerve net: collection of nerves that are spread out with no brain

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