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My BIO DAT Prep > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • responsible for conscious thought (attention)
  • initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement via motor cortex
  • contains olfactory bulb for smell
  • broca’s area for speech formation
  • prefrontal cortex for decision making and planning
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2
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • processes and interprets sounds
  • wernickes area: understanding speech
  • hippocampus: memory formation
  • auditory cortex: processes auditory information
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3
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • processes and interprets visual input
  • responsible for object recognition
  • responds to visual stimuli
  • contains the visual association cortex: processes vision
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4
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • contains the sensory areas:
  • somatosensation: temperature, touch, pressure, and pain
  • proprioception: orientation of body parts in space
  • somatosensory cortex: recieves and processes sensory information from entire body
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5
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay center for visual and auditory impulses and motor control

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6
Q

Pons

A

Relays messages between the forebrain (cortex), cerebellum, and medulla

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7
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • regulates heart, breathing rate, blood pressure and gastointestinal activity
  • Toxin sensing
  • Connects the cerebrum/cerebellum to the spinal cord
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8
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles of the brain, circulating cerebrospinal fluid through sweeping motions of their ciliary projections (parts of the CNS)

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9
Q

What is another term for motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons

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10
Q

Where do efferent (motor) neurons emerge from?

A

The ventral root of the spinal nerves

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11
Q

What is another term for afferent neurons?

A

Sensory neurons

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12
Q

Where do afferent (sensory) neurons emerge from?

A

The dorsal root of the spinal nerves

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13
Q

The telencephalon gives rise to:

A

The cerebrum

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14
Q

The diencephalon gives rise to:

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

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15
Q

The mesencephalon gives rise to:

A

The midbrain

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16
Q

The metencephalon gives rise to:

A

Pons and cerebellum

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17
Q

The myelencephalon gives rise to:

A

Medulla oblongata

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18
Q

The forebrain develops into:

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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19
Q

The midbrain gives rise to:

A

Mesenchephalon

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20
Q

The hindbrain gives rise to:

A

The metencephalon and myelencephalon

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21
Q

What is the absolute refractory period due to?

A
  • Inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels
  • sodium ions cannot enter the neuron to produce another action potential
  • another action potential cannot be fired no matter how powerful the stimulus
  • sets upper limit to action potential frequency
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22
Q

Absolute refractory period:

A

Refers to a period of time after the initiation of the action potential during which another action potential cannot be generated, no matter how strong a stimulus is

Sodium channels open - sodium channels close and are inactivated (no other action potential can be generated when channels are inactivated) - potassium channels open

23
Q

Relative refractory period:

A

Refers to the period after the action potential fires during which a stronger than normal stimulus could cause another action potential to be fired - this is the period that happens during hyperpolarization

Sodium channels reset to original state - potassium channels begin to close

24
Q

path of vision:

A

cornea –> pupil –> lens –> retina

25
Q

sclera

A
  • connective tissue that surrounds the eye for protection
  • avascular
  • (white outer layer of the eye)
26
Q

choroid

A
  • layer just below the sclera
  • vascular connective tissue layer between the sclera and the retina
  • provides blood and nutrients to the retina
27
Q

what is the function of rhodopsin?

A

a pigment that is in the rods of the retina which, when struck by photons of light, it causes hyperpolarization of rod cells –> bipolar and ganglion cells in the retina will also become active and the neural action potential is sent to the brain

28
Q

photoreceptor cells synapse with ________ cells, which receive input from rods and cones to transmit the signal to the ________ cells

A

bipolar
ganglion

29
Q

the sympathetic nervous system has a ____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron

A

short
long

30
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system has a ____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron

A

long, short

31
Q

what does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

acetocholine

32
Q

what does the postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

33
Q

what does the preganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

what does the postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

acetylcholine (and sometimes nitric oxide

35
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

36
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

37
Q

astigmatism

A

irregularaly shaped cornea

38
Q

cataracts

A

lens becomes opaque and light cannot enter

39
Q

somatic nervous system:

A
  • innervates skeletal muscle
  • can be voluntary or involuntary
  • uses Ach at neuromuscular junction
40
Q

autnomic nervous sytem:

A
  • responsible for involuntary movement
  • innervates cardiac and smooth muscle
  • divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic braches
41
Q

axon hillock

A
  • where the soma connects to the axon
  • action potentials are generated here
42
Q

dendrites

A
  • recieve information and transfer it to the cell body
43
Q

axon

A
  • transfers impulses away from the cell body
44
Q

what are neurons highly dependent on for chemical energy?

A

glucose –> use facilitated transport to move glucose from the blood and into the cell but is not dependent on insulin for transport

45
Q

glial cells

A
  • nervous tissue support cells that are capable of cell division
46
Q

microglia

A
  • phagocytes of the CNS
47
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • use cilia to circulate cerebralsprinal fluid
48
Q

satellite cells

A
  • groups of cell bodies in the PNS
  • serve to support cells
49
Q

astrocytes

A
  • provide physical support to neurons of the CNS
  • maintain the mineral and nutrient balance
50
Q

hindbrain

A
  • posterior part of brain
  • contains the: cerebellum, pons, medulla, and brainstem
51
Q

cerebellum

A
  • maintains balance
  • hand-eye coordination
  • timing of rapid movement
  • motor skills
52
Q

brainstem

A
  • consists of the midbrain, medulla, and pons
  • connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
  • part of reticular formation: network of neurons within the brainstem that regulate sleep and arousal
53
Q

dorsal horn

A

sensory info enters here

54
Q

ventral horn

A

motor info exits here

My BIO DAT Prep (24 decks)

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