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Practical Nursing > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Hematopoesis (ie makes red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in red bone marrow)
Protects your organs
Stores and excretes minerals
Assists in movement
Triglyceride or fat storage in yellow bone marrow

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2
Q

Types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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3
Q

Long bone defined, examples

A

Greater length than width
Outer layer compact bone inner layer spongy bone at epyphisis
Examples:
Femur, tibia, humerus, radius

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4
Q

Structure of long bones

A

Epiphysis at ends, spongy (red bone marrow)
Diaphysis in the middle (yellow bone marrow)
Epiphyseal disc, the growth plate, cartilage–> bone
Medullary cavity, where marrows are (yellow)
Periosteum, covers bone
Articular cartialige, frictionless surface for joints
Metaphysis, where growth plate is located

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5
Q

Short bones defined, examples

A

Nearly equal in length than width, inner layer spongy, outer compact
No medullary cavity
Examples:
Carpals (wrist)
Tarsels (ankles)

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Flat bone with inner layer of sponge compacted between outer compact
No medullary cavity
Examples:
Cranium
Sternum
Scapula

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7
Q

Irregular

A

Examples:
Vertebrae
Facial bones
Coxal bone (hip)

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones
Sutural bones

A

Prevent wear and tear on tendons
Ex: Patellar
Small bones between cranial structures

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9
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Unspecialized bone cells/ stem cells
Produce osteoblasts

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10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone! (Deposition)

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11
Q

Osteocytes

A

Last stage of maturity final bone

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone by releasing enzymes

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13
Q

What is osteoclastic activity called?

A

Resorption

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14
Q

What is another word for osteogenisis?

A

Ossification

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15
Q

When does bone ossification occur?

A

Formation of bones in embryo
Growth of bones in infancy to adulthood
Remodeling of bone throughout life
Repair of bone fractures

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16
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

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17
Q

Intramembranous- where does it occur and what happens

A

Occurs in flat bones of skull, replacing thin connective tissue with bone

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18
Q

Endochondral- where and what

A

Replacement of fetal cartialige skeletion with bone
In long, short, irregular bones

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19
Q

What is the soft spot in a newborns head?

A

Fontanel, where intramembranous ossification happens

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20
Q

Where does growth of bones occur?

A

Epiphyseal disc
Osteoblasts invite cartialige in disc –> Mature into osteocytes

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21
Q

What can cause irregular growth (ie gigantism/ dwarfism)

A

Hormones, too much = gigantism, too little = dwarfism

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22
Q

What can cause acromegaly?

A

Tumor on pituitary gland, releases growth hormone, makes you wider because you can’t grow anymore

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23
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A

Greenstick- partial bone break
Compound- bone is protruding out of skin
SImple- broken but not out of skin

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24
Q

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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25
Q

What bones are the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, thoracic cage

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26
Q

Bones in your cranium (8)

A

Frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid, ethmoid

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27
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Hollow portion of bone, makes it weight less, modulate sound of voice

28
Q

What bones have sinuses?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

29
Q

Parts of the temporal bone?

A

Zygomatic process, external auditory meatus (ear hole), mastoid process, styloid process,

30
Q

Parts of occipital bone?

A

Foramen magnum (the hole on bottom, brain stem leading to spinal cord), occipital condyle

31
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Is irregular, butterfly/bat shape
Forms floor and sides
Connects cranium to facial bones

32
Q

Does the sphenoid have sinuses?

A

Yes

33
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Is irregular, between the eye orbits, supports nasal cavity

34
Q

What are the facial bones and how many are there?

A

2 nasal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 lacrymal bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 maxilla bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer bone and mandible
There are 14

35
Q

What is the only movable bone in your face?

A

Mandible

36
Q

What are the hyoid bones?

A

Malleus (2), incus (2), stapus (2)

37
Q

What are the fontanels?

A

Anterior, posterior, anterolateral, posterolateral

38
Q

What are the sections of the vertebral column in order?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and cocyx

39
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7

40
Q

Thoracic vertabrae

A

T1-T12

41
Q

Lumbar vertabrae

A

L1-L5

42
Q

What is the atlas?

A

C1, allows you to nod yes

43
Q

What is the aixs?

A

C2, allows you to rotate for no

44
Q

Disorders of the vertebral column

A

Socoliosis (lateral curve), kyphosis (hunchback), lordosis (swayback, big booty back arched)

45
Q

Parts of the thoracic cage?

A

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae

46
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

47
Q

How many true ribs are there?

A

7 pairs, directly attached to sternum through costal cartialige

48
Q

How many false ribs?

A

5 pairs are false, 2 pairs of those 5 are floating

49
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

Movable, slightly movable, immovable

50
Q

Types of freely movable joints

A

Hinge (allows movement on one axis, elbows, knees) ,
Pivot joint (rotation about only one axis, forearm)
Ball and socket (allows all movement, hip and shoulder)
Saddle (allows some rotation, cartometacarpal joint of thumb)
Gliding (wrists)
Condyloid (knuckles)

51
Q

Flexion and extension

A

Bending and straightening

52
Q

Inversion and eversion

A

Pointing in toward midline, pointing out
Looking like ballet

53
Q

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

A

Flexing foot down, pointing foot up by heel

54
Q

Supination and pronation

A

Palm facing up (spoon), palm facing down

55
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Away from body, toward body

56
Q

Hyperextension

A

Going past 180 degrees

57
Q

Circumduction

A

Blend of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction to create circular movement

58
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

59
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Scapula (shoulder bone)
Clavicle (collarbone)

60
Q

Upper limbs

A

Humerus (first arm bone), radius and ulna (below elbow, ulna on pinky side, radius on thumb side), carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (palm bones), phalanges (fingers)

61
Q

Pelvic girdle (coxal bones)

A

Made up of many bones together
Illium (the big part of pelvis), ischium (near pubis), pubis, acetabulum, symphysis pubis

62
Q

Male vs female pelvic girdle

A

Women pelvis tends to be wider for child birthing

63
Q

Functions of pelvic girdle?

A

Weight bearing, attachment for lower limbs, protection

64
Q

Leg bones

A

Femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia (big shin bone), fibula (little one), tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (kind of like palm), phalanges (toes)

65
Q

Joint names

A

Tibiafemoral (knee), humeroulnar (elbow), Metacarpophalangeal (wrist), glenohumoral (shoulder), coxal (hip)

Practical Nursing (8 decks)

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