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Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classifications of muscles?

A

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

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2
Q

Skeletal

A

Voluntary, stratified
Located in overlying skeleton
Multinucleated

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3
Q

Smooth

A

Involuntary, nonstratifed
Located in the organs or visecra
One nucleus

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4
Q

Cardial

A

Involuntary, stratified
Located in the heart, myocardium
One nucleus

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5
Q

Name of the muscle cell

A

Myocyte, muscular fiber

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6
Q

Every muscle is covered by a layer of?

A

Connective tissue/ fascia

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7
Q

Fascia has three layers

A

Epimysium (most external), perimysium (middle), endomysium (most internal)

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8
Q

Parts of muscular fiber

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (has calcium inside), Sarcolemma (plasmatic membrane), T-tubule

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9
Q

What is a fascicile?

A

bundle of muscle fibers, also called myocytes, bound together via the endomysium tissue that provides pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

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10
Q

What is inside the myofibril?

A

Myosin and actin (make contraction)

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11
Q

What is the main function of skeletal muscle?

A

Contraction

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12
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

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13
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

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14
Q

When thick and thin filaments come together it is

A

contracted

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15
Q

What does the actin and myosin need?

A

Calcium

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16
Q

What is the sliding mchanism of the filament?

A

1) Myosin heads make contact with actin
2)Myosin heads rotate
3)Actin is pulled to the center of the
sarcomere

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17
Q

What is the sliding mchanism of the filament?

A

1) Myosin heads make contact with actin
2) Myosin heads rotate
3) Actin is pulled to the center of the
sarcomere
4) Sarcomere shortensmuscle
contraction

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18
Q

When a patient has a lumbar injury

A

the neuron can’t stimulate the muscle

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19
Q

Where is the calcium stored?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Calcium allows

A

the interaction of actin, myosin, ATP

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21
Q

Muscles relax when

A

Calcium returns to SR

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22
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction only takes
place

A

when it is first stimulated by a
nerve

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23
Q

Where does somatic motor nerve emerge from?

A

Spinal chord –> skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Single muscle vs whole muscle

A

single muscle has an “all or nothing” response, but
a whole muscle can vary its force of contraction
-motor unit, recruitment

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25
Innervation
Nerves that supplies a muscle for contraction
26
What is neurmuscular junction?
The joining between neurocyte and myocyte
27
Three different types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, interneuron
28
Twitch
Single muscle response in which muscle contracts and then fully relaxes
29
Tetanus
Sustained muscle contraction caused by repeated stimulation
30
Tonus
Normal, continuous state of partial muscle contraction Fights against gravity force, lets you be erect
31
What are the energy sources for muscle contraction?
Metabolism of creatinine, glycolisis (anaerobic metabolsim), aerobic metabolism
32
Muscle terms
Origin, insertion, prime mover, synergist, antagonist
33
Product of anaerobic metabolism
2 ATP, lactic acid
34
Origin
Stationary attachment
35
Insertion
Mobile attachment
36
Synergy
coordinated movements that occur when multiple muscle groups are activated simultaneously -Ex: the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles both act to flex the forearm.
37
Antagonist
The muscle that opposes the action of another Ex: When the triceps oppose the contraction of the flexing biceps by relaxing
38
Prime mover
Principal muscle that performs action
39
Hypertrophy
Growth in response to overuse
40
Atrophy
Disuse atrophy (cast) , denervation atrophy (no stimulation of nervous system/paralysis), senile atrophy (older)
41
Innvervention and irrigation
Nerves in muscle, blood in muscle
42
How skeletal muscles are named?
Size, shape, direction, location, number of origins, origin and insertion, muscle action
43
What is the somatic motor neuron?
Supplies skeletal muscle and emerges from the spinal cord and to skeletal muscles, contractions only take place when stimulated by a nerve
44
Contracture
abnormal fibrous formation in muscle that freezes in flexed position
45
What is meant by motor unit recruitment?
the process by which different motor units are activated to produce a given level and type of muscle contraction.
46
Each fibre within a motor unit contracts according to _____
The all or none law When a motor unit receives a stimulus of sufficient intensity to bring forth a response, all the muscle fibres within the unit will contract at the same time, and to the maximum possible extent.
47
What is the neuromuscular junction?
-Space between motor neuron and muscle -Where nerves and muscle fibers meet—is an essential synapse for muscle contraction and movement
48
Steps of Information Transfer from Neuron to NMJ
-Neuron stimulation causes an electrical impulse to move toward the neuron's end -Vesicles move toward and fuse with the membrane -ACh diffuses and binds to muscle membrane receptor sites -ACh stimulates receptors, causing an electrical impulse
49
Things that can cause impairement of NMJ
Myasthenia gravis- neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles Curare- muscle relaxent Neurotoxins- bacteria that causes tetanus, botox, and botulism
50
Tonic contraction
Sustained contraction of different groups of muscles, maintains continual muscular contraction
51
Where is myoglobin found?
Striated muscles such as skeletal or heart muscles
52
Main function of myoglobin
Supply oxygen to the cells in your muscles (myocytes). -Remember by hemoglobin that provides oxygen for organs and tissues
53
Isometric contraction
Muscle contraction without motion
54
Isotonic contraction
Muscular contraction in which length of muscle changes
55
What is a sphincter?
A ring of muscle surrounding and serving guard to an opening or closing tube
56
Provide examples of a sphincter
Anus, opening of stomach, urinary bladder
57
What happens when urinary sphincters contract?
When these muscles contract, the urethra narrows, and urination stops or slows
58
Muscle cells or myocytes are also called
muscular fibers
59
What are the z lines?
Part of the sarcomere and where thin filaments attach
60
What happens when the sarcomere shortens?
Muscle contraction, the thick and thin filaments slide up against eachother
61
Myofibrils form
muscle fibers

Practical Nursing (8 decks)

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