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AnaPhy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments

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2
Q

What are the functions of skeletal system?

A

support, protect, movement, storage, blood cell production

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3
Q

What type of tissues are bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?

A

connective tissues

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4
Q

tough, ropelike protein

A

collagen

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5
Q

large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins.

A

Proteoglycans

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6
Q

The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of __________ making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables

A

collagen fibers

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7
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of cartilage contains of?

A

collagen and proteoglycans.

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8
Q

makes cartilage tough

A

collagen

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9
Q

What makes the cartilage smooth and resilient?

A

water-filled proteoglycans

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10
Q

What is relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed? It is an excellent shock absorber.

A

cartilage

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11
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of bone contains of?

A

collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate

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12
Q

It lends flexible strength to the bone.

A

collagen fibers

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13
Q

What gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength?

A

mineral

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14
Q

What does most of the mineral in bone in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called?

A

hydroxyapatite

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15
Q

What are the four bone shape classifications?

A

long, flat, short and irregular

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16
Q

bones that are longer than they are wide

A

long bones

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17
Q

What are examples of long bone?

A

upper and lower limb bones

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18
Q

Bones that are approximately as wide as they are long;

A

short bones

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19
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

bones of wrist and ankle

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20
Q

What bones have a relatively thin, flattened shape?

A

flat bones

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21
Q

What are examples of flat bone?

A

bones of skull and sternum

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22
Q

have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories

A

irregular bones

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23
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and facial bones

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24
Q

shaft, compact bone tissue (on the outside)

A

diaphysis

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25
Q

ends spongy bone tissue

A

epiphysis

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26
Q

covers epiphyses, reduces friction

A

articular cartilage

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27
Q

site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

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28
Q

center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow

A

medullary cavity

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29
Q

membrane around bone’s outer surface

A

periosteum

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30
Q

membrane that lines medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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31
Q

soft tissue filled in spaces

A

marrow

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32
Q

What is the location of blood forming cells?

A

red marrow

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33
Q

mostly fat

A

yellow marrow

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34
Q

In adults where are most red bone marrow found?

A

in the flat bones and the long bones of the femur and humerus.

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35
Q

structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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36
Q

includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes

A

osteon

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37
Q

rings of bone matrix

A

lamella

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38
Q

spaces between lamella

A

lacunae

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39
Q

tiny canals

A

canaliculus

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40
Q

transport nutrients and remove waste

A

canaliculus

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41
Q

center of osteon, contains blood vessels

A

central canal

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42
Q

located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones

A

spongy bone

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43
Q

It has trabeculae, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.

A

spongy bone

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44
Q

It has no osteons

A

spongy bone

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45
Q

formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone

A

osteoblasts

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46
Q

cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

A

osteocytes

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47
Q

contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption.

A

osteoclasts

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48
Q

What do you call the formation of bone by osteoblasts.

A

ossification

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49
Q

Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes is called ________________

A

intramembranous ossification

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50
Q

Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called ____________

A

endochondral ossification

51
Q

Whare does intramembranous ossification primarily occurs?

A

bones of skull

52
Q

The process begins in areas called __________ and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers.

A

ossification centers

53
Q

What is the bone formation within a cartilage model?

A

Endochondral bone formation

54
Q

bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.

A

primary ossification center

55
Q

bone formation in the epiphysis

A

secondary ossification center

56
Q

As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter. This process is called?

A

appositional growth

57
Q

Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the

A

epiphyseal plate

58
Q

This type of bone growth occurs through

A

endochondral ossification.

59
Q

What is the major storage site for calcium ?

A

bone

60
Q

What hormones does Calcium homeostasis is maintained by ?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

61
Q

hole

A

foramen

62
Q

depression

A

fossa

63
Q

projection

A

process

64
Q

smooth, rounded end

A

condyle

65
Q

canal-like passageway

A

meatus

66
Q

lump of bone

A

tubercle

67
Q

composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

A

axial skeleton

68
Q

How many bones does a skull have?

A

22

69
Q

encloses cranila cavity

A

braincase

70
Q

how many bones does braincase have?

A

8

71
Q

how many facial bones are there in bony structure of face?

A

14

72
Q

forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull

A

mandible

73
Q

Anterior part of cranium

A

frontal bone

74
Q

Sides and roof of cranium

A

parietal bone

75
Q

Posterior portion and floor of cranium

A

occipital bone

76
Q

Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium, Temporomandibular joint

A

temporal bone

77
Q

•Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones

Sella turcica

A

sphenoid bone

78
Q

•Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity

Nasal conchae

A

ethmoid bone

79
Q

•Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits

Maxillary sinus

A

maxillae

80
Q

Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

palatine bones

81
Q

•Cheek bones

•Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

A

zygomatic bone

82
Q

Medial surfaces of eye orbits

A

lacrimal bone

83
Q

Form bridge of nose

A

nasal bone

84
Q

•In midline of nasal cavity

•Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

A

vomer

85
Q

Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae

86
Q

•Lower jawbone

Only movable skull bone

A

mandible

87
Q

what do you call large cavities within them which open into the nasal cavity?

A

paranasal sinuses

88
Q

an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones.

A

hyoid bone

89
Q

only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone

A

hyoid bone

90
Q

what are the four major curvatures adult vertebral column ?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal

91
Q

•1st vertebra

holds head

A

atlas

92
Q

•2nd vertebra

rotates head

A

axis

93
Q

How many cervical vertebra ?

A

7

94
Q

how many thoracic vertebra ?

A

12

95
Q

how many lumbar vertebra are there?

A

5

96
Q

protects vital organs

A

thoracic cage

97
Q

how many pair of ribs are there?

A

12

98
Q

breastbone

A

sternum

99
Q

attach directly to sternum by cartilage

A

true ribs

100
Q

attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage

A

false ribs

101
Q

not attached to sternum

A

floating ribs

102
Q

shoulder blade

A

scapula

103
Q

collar bone

A

clavicle

104
Q

hip socket (joint)

A

Acetabulum

105
Q

Where lower limbs attach to the body

A

pelvic girdle

106
Q

inferior and posterior region of pelvic girdle

A

ischium

107
Q

most superior region of pelvic girdle

A

ilium

108
Q

where two bones come together

A

articulations (joint)

109
Q

•united by fibrous connective tissue

•subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

A

fibrous joint

110
Q

•united by means of cartilage

subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis

A

cartilaginous

111
Q

•joined by a fluid cavity

Most joints of the appendicular skeleton

A

synovial

112
Q

•non-movable joint

Example – skull bone articulations

A

synarthrosis

113
Q

•slightly movable joint

Example - between vertebrae

A

amphiarthrosis

114
Q

•freely movable joint

Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations

A

diarthrosis

115
Q

bending

A

flexion

116
Q

straightening

A

extension

117
Q

movement away from midline

A

abduction

118
Q

movement toward the midline

A

adduction

119
Q

rotation of the forearm with palms down

A

pronation

120
Q

rotation of the forearm with palms up

A

supination

121
Q

movement of a structure about the long axis

A

rotation

122
Q

Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints

A

1.Decreased Collagen Production

2.Loss of Bone Density

Degenerative Changes

123
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

124
Q

Joints are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as ________

A

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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