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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments

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2
Q

What are the functions of skeletal system?

A

support, protect, movement, storage, blood cell production

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3
Q

What type of tissues are bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments?

A

connective tissues

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4
Q

tough, ropelike protein

A

collagen

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5
Q

large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins.

A

Proteoglycans

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6
Q

The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of __________ making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables

A

collagen fibers

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7
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of cartilage contains of?

A

collagen and proteoglycans.

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8
Q

makes cartilage tough

A

collagen

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9
Q

What makes the cartilage smooth and resilient?

A

water-filled proteoglycans

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10
Q

What is relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed? It is an excellent shock absorber.

A

cartilage

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11
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of bone contains of?

A

collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate

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12
Q

It lends flexible strength to the bone.

A

collagen fibers

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13
Q

What gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength?

A

mineral

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14
Q

What does most of the mineral in bone in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called?

A

hydroxyapatite

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15
Q

What are the four bone shape classifications?

A

long, flat, short and irregular

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16
Q

bones that are longer than they are wide

A

long bones

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17
Q

What are examples of long bone?

A

upper and lower limb bones

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18
Q

Bones that are approximately as wide as they are long;

A

short bones

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19
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

bones of wrist and ankle

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20
Q

What bones have a relatively thin, flattened shape?

A

flat bones

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21
Q

What are examples of flat bone?

A

bones of skull and sternum

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22
Q

have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories

A

irregular bones

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23
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and facial bones

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24
Q

shaft, compact bone tissue (on the outside)

A

diaphysis

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25
ends spongy bone  tissue
epiphysis
26
covers epiphyses, reduces friction
articular cartilage
27
site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis
epiphyseal plate
28
center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow
medullary cavity
29
membrane around bone’s outer surface
periosteum
30
membrane that lines medullary cavity
endosteum
31
soft tissue filled in spaces
marrow
32
What is the location of blood forming cells?
red marrow
33
mostly fat
yellow marrow
34
In adults where are most red bone marrow found?
in the flat bones and the long bones of the femur and humerus.
35
structural unit of compact  bone
osteon
36
includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes
osteon
37
rings of bone matrix
lamella
38
spaces between lamella
lacunae
39
tiny canals
canaliculus
40
transport nutrients and  remove waste
canaliculus
41
center of osteon, contains blood vessels
central canal
42
located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones
spongy bone
43
It has trabeculae, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow.
spongy bone
44
It has no osteons
spongy bone
45
formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone
osteoblasts
46
cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.
osteocytes
47
contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption.
osteoclasts
48
What do you call the formation of bone by osteoblasts.
ossification
49
Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes is called ________________
intramembranous ossification
50
Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called ____________
endochondral ossification
51
Whare does intramembranous ossification primarily occurs?
bones of skull
52
The process begins in areas called __________ and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers.
ossification centers
53
What is the bone formation within a cartilage model?
Endochondral bone formation
54
bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.
primary ossification center
55
bone formation in the epiphysis
secondary ossification center
56
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter. This process is called?
appositional growth
57
Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the
epiphyseal plate
58
This type of bone growth occurs through
endochondral ossification.
59
What is the major storage site for calcium ?
bone
60
What hormones does Calcium homeostasis is maintained by ?
parathyroid hormone  (PTH) and calcitonin
61
hole
foramen
62
depression
fossa
63
projection
process
64
smooth, rounded end
condyle
65
canal-like passageway
meatus
66
lump of bone
tubercle
67
composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
axial skeleton
68
How many bones does a skull have?
22
69
encloses cranila cavity
braincase
70
how many bones does braincase have?
8
71
how many facial bones are there in bony structure of face?
14
72
forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull
mandible
73
Anterior part of cranium
frontal bone
74
Sides and roof of cranium
parietal bone
75
Posterior portion and floor of cranium
occipital bone
76
Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium, Temporomandibular joint
temporal bone
77
•Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones Sella turcica
sphenoid bone
78
•Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity Nasal conchae
ethmoid bone
79
•Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits Maxillary sinus
maxillae
80
Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity
palatine bones
81
•Cheek bones •Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit
zygomatic bone
82
Medial surfaces of eye orbits
lacrimal bone
83
Form bridge of nose
nasal bone
84
•In midline of nasal cavity •Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
vomer
85
Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
86
•Lower jawbone Only movable skull bone
mandible
87
what do you call large cavities within them which open into the nasal cavity?
paranasal sinuses
88
an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones.
hyoid bone
89
only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone
hyoid bone
90
what are the four major curvatures adult vertebral column ?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal
91
•1st vertebra holds head
atlas
92
•2nd vertebra rotates head
axis
93
How many cervical vertebra ?
7
94
how many thoracic vertebra ?
12
95
how many lumbar vertebra are there?
5
96
protects vital organs
thoracic cage
97
how many pair of ribs are there?
12
98
breastbone
sternum
99
attach directly to sternum by cartilage
true ribs
100
attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage
false ribs
101
not attached to sternum
floating ribs
102
shoulder blade
scapula
103
collar bone
clavicle
104
hip socket (joint)
Acetabulum
105
Where lower limbs attach to the body
pelvic girdle
106
inferior and posterior region of pelvic girdle
ischium
107
most superior region of pelvic girdle
ilium
108
where two bones come together
articulations (joint)
109
•united by fibrous connective tissue •subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses
fibrous joint
110
•united by means of cartilage subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis
cartilaginous
111
•joined by a fluid cavity Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
synovial
112
•non-movable joint Example – skull bone articulations
synarthrosis
113
•slightly movable joint Example -  between vertebrae
amphiarthrosis
114
•freely movable joint Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations
diarthrosis
115
bending
flexion
116
straightening
extension
117
movement away from midline
abduction
118
movement toward the midline
adduction
119
rotation of the forearm with palms down
pronation
120
rotation of the forearm with palms up
supination
121
movement of a structure about the long axis
rotation
122
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints
1.Decreased Collagen Production 2.Loss of Bone Density Degenerative Changes
123
Structural classification of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
124
Joints are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of  motion as ________
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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