Skeletal System Flashcards by cholo sagum

Q

collagen and polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans, which contain chondroitin sulfate.
It give resilience and toughness to bones.

A

1/3 - organic framework of fibrous tissue and cells.

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Q

largely calcium and phosphorus salts
give hardness and rigidity to bone

A

2/3 - inorganic component

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Q

dense or cortical; the hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones and forms almost the entire shaft of long bones

A

Compact bone

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Q

spongy; composed of spicules arranged to form a porous network; the spaces are usually filled with marrow

A

Cancellous bone

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Q

the space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone

A

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

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Q

refers to either end of a long bone

A

Epiphysis

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Q

the cylindrical shaft of a long bone between the two epiphyses

A

Diaphysis

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Q

is the flared area adjacent to the epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

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Q

a layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis. Area where a bone can increase in length

A

Epiphyseal cartilage or disk (physis)

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Q

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular (joint) surface of a bone

A

Articular cartilage

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Q

a fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where articular cartilage is located

A

Periosteum

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Q

bone-producing cells

A

Osteoblasts

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Q

is a fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

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Q

bone-destroying cells

A

Osteoclasts

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Q

are greater in one dimension than any other; function chiefly as levers and aid in support, locomotion, and prehension.

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Long bones

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Q

are cuboid, or approximately equal in all dimensions; interior is composed of spongy bone filled with marrow spaces; absorb concussion, and they are found in complex joints.

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Short bones

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Q

are relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions; diploe (spongy material that separates lamina externa from interna); chiefly for protection of vital organs.

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Flat bones

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Q

are so called because of their fancied resemblance to a sesame seed; reduce friction, increase leverage, or change the direction of pull.

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Sesamoid bones

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Q

contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere.

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Pneumatic bones

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Q

are unpaired bones on the median plane; unpaired bones; protection, support, and muscular attachment

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Irregular bones

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Q

Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide
Leverage

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Long bones

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Q

Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Long bones

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Q

Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness
Provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Short bones

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Q

Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

A

Short bones

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- Thin and curved - Points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Flat bones

- Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Flat bones

- Complex shape - Protect internal organs | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Irregular bones

- Vertebrae, facial bones | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Irregular bones

- Small and round; embedded in tendons - Protect tendons from compressive forces | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Sesamoid bones

- Patellae | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Sesamoid bones

caudal and dorsal walls - occipital, parietal, interparietal, and frontal bones; lateral and ventral walls – temporal and sphenoid bones; rostral wall – ethmoid bone | Axial Skeleton – Cranial part of the Skull

Cranium

has cornual process (bony projections), except polled animals | Axial Skeleton – Cranial part of the Skull

Frontal bone

contain the middle and inner ears | Axial Skeleton – Cranial part of the Skull

Temporal bones

supports the brain and pituitary gland | Axial Skeleton – Cranial part of the Skull

Sphenoid bone

presents numerous openings for passage of the olfactory nerves (sense of smell) | Axial Skeleton – Cranial part of the Skull

Ethmoid bone

denotes the bony socket that protects the eye; surrounded by portions of the frontal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

Orbit

bounded dorsally by the nasal bones, laterally by the maxillae and incisive bones, and ventrally by the palatine processes of the maxillae, incisive, and palatine bones; | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

Nasal

separates the nasal passages | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

vomer bone

scroll like; projects into the nasal passage | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

conchae (turbinate bone)

roofed by the maxillae and incisive bones and by the palatine bone; ventrolaterally - the mandible | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

Oral

contain the teeth of the upper dental arcade (although the incisive bones lack teeth in ruminants) | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

maxillae and incisive bones

contains all of the lower teeth and gives attachment to some of the muscles associated with chewing and swallowing | Axial Skeleton – Facial part of the Skull

mandible

have well-developed articular processes to accommodate the large range of motion of the neck | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae

is the first cervical vertebra | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

atlas

is the second cervical vertebra | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

axis

are characterized by well-developed spinous processes and articular facets for the ribs | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

have large, flat transverse processes that project laterad | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

are fused to form a single wedge-shaped bone, the sacrum | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

Sacral vertebrae

form the bony basis for the tail | Axial Skeleton – Vertebrae

Caudal vertebrae

forms the ventrum of the bony thorax and gives attachment to the costal cartilages of the ribs as well as providing a bony origin for the pectoral muscles | Axial Skeleton – Sternum and Ribs

Sternum

Cranial extremity of the sternum | Axial Skeleton – Sternum and Ribs

manubrium

the middle portion | Axial Skeleton – Sternum and Ribs

body

caudal extremity | Axial Skeleton – Sternum and Ribs

xiphoid process

form the lateral walls of the bony thorax. | Axial Skeleton – Sternum and Ribs

Ribs

in all animals is a relatively flat triangular bone; birds and primates have clavicle (collarbone) | Appendicular Skeleton – Thoracic Limbs

Scapula (shoulder blade)

(arm bone) | Appendicular Skeleton – Thoracic Limbs

Humerus

in mammals, the radius is the larger of the two, although in birds it is smaller than the ulna; fused in equine and bovine, not fused in dogs and cats | Appendicular Skeleton – Thoracic Limbs

Radius and ulna

composed of two rows of small bones | Appendicular Skeleton – Thoracic Limbs

Carpus

is immediately distal to the carpus; single large bone in horse, while fused 3rd and 4th metacarpal bon in ox and sheep and called cannon bone; pig has 4 | Appendicular Skeleton – Thoracic Limbs

Metacarpus

depending on the species; In the horse, the proximal phalanx is also called the long pastern bone; the middle phalanx corresponds to the short pastern bone; and distal phalanx is also known as the coffin bone | Appendicular Skeleton – Thoracic Limbs

Digits number 1 to 5

consists of a circle of bones comprises three bones (ilium, the ischium, and the pubis) which are fused to form the os coxae | Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Limbs

Pelvis

extends from the coxofemoral (hip) joint to the stifle (the joint corresponding to the human knee) | Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Limbs

Femur (thigh bone)

are the bones of the true leg (crus) | Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Limbs

Tibia and fibula

composed of multiple small bones; it corresponds to the human ankle | Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Limbs

Tarsus (hock)

the pelvic limb are similar to the metacarpus and digits of the thoracic limb | Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic Limbs

Metatarsus and digits

rostral bone in swine, the soft tissue of the external nares | Visceral Skeleton

Os rostri

cardiac skeleton in bovine; around the origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery at the base of the heart | Visceral Skeleton

Os cordis –

penile bone (baculum or os priapi) in the canine family, also in gorilla and chimpanzee; located above the male urethra, and it aids sexual reproduction by maintaining sufficient stiffness during sexual penetration. | Visceral Skeleton

Os penis

- Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide - Leverage | Classification of Bones (Gross Appearance)

Long bones