Cardiovascular System Flashcards
vascular fluid is enclosed within the blood vessels
Closed circulation
fluid directly bath the tissues
Open circulation
circulation to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
circulation to the rest of the body
Systemic circulation
Transported in the Blood
R, N, WP, SBC, H, H
- Respiratory gases – O2 and CO2
- Nutrients
- Waste products
- Specialized blood cells
- Hormones
- Heat
- Erythrocytes
- Most numerous cells in the blood
- Non-nucleated biconcave disc-shaped cells
Blood – Cellular Components
Red Blood Cells
- Leukocytes
- Generally, account for only 1% of the blood volume
Blood – Cellular Components
White Blood Cells
- neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Blood – Cellular Components
Granulocytes
- monocytes and lymphocytes
Blood – Cellular Components
Agranulocytes
- account for 50–70% of WBCs
- since the nucleus consists of three to six lobes, these cells are often called polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Blood - White Blood Cells
Neutrophils
- account for 2–4% of all leukocytes.
- large, uniformly sized granules that stain red orange with acidic dyes.
- tend to increase in number during allergic and parasitic condition.
Blood - White Blood Cells
Eosinophils
- account for only 0.5–1.0% of leukocytes
- slightly smaller than neutrophils, they contain granules that stain purplish-black in the presence of basic dyes.
Blood - White Blood Cells
Basophils
- account for 3–8% of leukocytes.
- They contain a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.
- After leaving the bloodstream, it become macrophages.
Blood - White Blood Cells
Monocytes
- account for 25% of the WBCs
- Contain a large, dark-purple-staining nucleus.
- Produces antibodies, neutralizes or fixes toxins
Blood - White Blood Cells
Lymphocytes
- Thrombocytes
- Smallest of the formed elements
- Responsible for blood clotting
Blood - White Blood Cells
Platelets
RBCs are reduced in number or hemoglobin content
Blood - Terminologies
Anemia
Excessive RBCs are found in the circulating blood
Blood - Terminologies
Polycythemia
decrease in the number of WBCs
Blood - Terminologies
Leucopenia
increase in the number of WBCs
Blood - Terminologies
Leukocytosis
blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery.
Blood - Terminologies
Thrombus
a clot that is circulating in blood.
Blood - Terminologies
Embolus
a cone-shaped hollow muscular structure
Heart
directed dorsad or cranio-dorsad and is attached to other thoracic structures by large arteries, veins, and the pericardial sac
Base
directed ventrad and is entirely free within the pericardial sac
Apex
Serous membrane that partially surrounds the heart. Fixes the heart to the mediastinum, gives protection against infection and provides the lubrication for the heart.
Pericardium
Superficial fibrous layer (fibrous pericardium)
Parietal pericardium
epicardium
Visceralpericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) &
Parietal pericardium form this, and contains pericardial fluid
Pericardial space
Outer serous covering
Heart - Layers
Epicardium
Thick muscular layer and form ventricular septum.
Heart - Layers
Myocardium
Separate two ventricles
Heart - Layers
Ventricular septum
Inner endothelial lining
Heart - Layers
Endocardium
Receives blood
Heart - Chambers
Atrium (right and left)
Pumps blood
Heart - Chambers
Ventricle (right and left)
are thin-walled chambers, each of which features an appendage called an auricle.
Heart - Chambers
Atria
- Right - Tricuspid valve
- Left - Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve)
Heart - Valves
Atrioventricular Valve (AV valve)
- Aortic valve
- Pulmonary valve
Heart - Valves
Semilunar valve
separates the atrium and
pulmonary artery
Heart - Valves
Pulmonary valve
separates the
atrium and the aorta
Heart - Valves
Aortic valve
- caudal and cranial
Heart – Great Vessels & Vena cava
Pulmonary arteries
- right and left
Heart – Great Vessels & Vena cava
Pulmonary veins & Aorta
are tubular structures that carry blood away from the heart.
Vessels
Arteries and arterioles
are tiny tubes composed almost entirely of endothelium, a continuation of the simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels.
Vessels
Capillaries
merge into larger and larger veins.
Vessels
Venules
are larger in diameter than the arteries they parallel and have much thinner walls.
Vessels
Veins
is typically quite low. Contraction of skeletal muscles in the limbs and trunk squeezes the thin-walled veins, assisting the flow of venous blood back toward the heart.
Vessels
Venous blood pressure
usually consisting of two cusps each, are scattered at irregular intervals throughout the venous and lymphatic systems.
Vessels
Valves
refers to the relaxation of a chamber of the heart just prior to and during the filling of the chamber.
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole
refers to the contraction of a chamber of the heart that drives blood out of the chamber.
Cardiac Cycle
Systole
first sound or S1, marks beginning of systole
Heart Sounds
Lub
second sound or S2, marks beginning of diastole
Heart Sounds
Dub
associated with the rapid ventricular filling phase after the initial opening of the A-V valves.
Heart Sounds
Third sound
associated with atrial contraction.
Heart Sounds
Fourth sound
abnormally slow
heartbeat.
Heart – Terminologies
Bradycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat.
Heart – Terminologies
Tachycardia
No heartbeat.
Heart – Terminologies
Arrhythmia
