Nervous System Flashcards
primary functional cell of the nervous system
Neuron
supporting cells, e.g. astrocytes
Neuroglia
something that excites or activates
Stimulus
a wave of excitation transmitted through nervous tissue
Impulse
an automatic, involuntary response to change
Reflex
cell body
Nerve Cells - Neuron Parts
Soma
transmit electrical signals toward the cell body
Nerve Cells - Neuron Parts
Dendrites
conduct electrical signals away from the cell body
Nerve Cells - Neuron Parts
Axon
conduct signals from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)
Functional Classification
Sensory or afferent
conduct signals from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands
Functional Classification
Motor or efferent
conduct signals from one neuron to another, and are mainly confined to the CNS
Functional Classification
Interneurons or association neurons
having only one process
Neuron Structural Classification
Unipolar
having one dendrite and one axon, and these are common in sensory system
Neuron Structural Classification
Bipolar
are sensory neurons having their single dendrite and axon fused resulting to a single process appearance
Neuron Structural Classification
Pseudounipolar
having a number of dendrites and a single axon.
Neuron Structural Classification
Multipolar
regulate extracellular brain fluid composition; promote tight junctions to form blood-brain barrier
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
Astrocytes
line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal; help form choroid plexuses that secrete CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
Ependymal cells
is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord.
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
specialized macrophage
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
Microglia
form the myelin sheaths that surrounds axon of neurons in the CNS (Central Nervous System
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes
wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath of the neuron in the PNS.
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; provide support and nutrients
Nerve Cells – Neuroglia
Satellite cells
The connective tissue coverings of the brain (cranial) and spinal cord (spinal).
CNS – Layers
Meninges
, the thick outermost layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue
CNS – Layers
Dura mater or Pachymeninx
the middle layer with thin filaments creating a weblike appearance
CNS – Layers
Arachnoid
the innermost layer that directly covers the surface of the brain
CNS – Layers
Pia mater
combination of arachnoid plus the pia mater
CNS – Layers
Leptomeninx
- Letter H; Inner /deep, composed mainly of nerve cell bodies
Spinal Cords Parts
Gray matter/substance
- Superficially; nerve fibers predominate
Spinal Cords Parts
White matter/substance
- largest part
- Touch, vision, hearing, speech reasoning, emotions, learning & the control movements.
CNS - Brain
Cerebrum
- Co-ordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
CNS - Brain
Cerebellum
- includes medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon and the diencephalon
- Relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. Breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
CNS - Brain
Braistem
for judgement, foresight, and voluntary movement
Lobes
frontal lobe
for comprehension of
language
Lobes
parietal lobe
as the primary visual area
Lobes
occipital lobe
for intellectual and emotional functions
Lobes
temporal lobe
controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and the display of emotions.
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
controls functions outside conscious control, such as breathing and blood flow.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem)
Cranial Nerves
Smell
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Lobes
Vision
Cranial Nerves
Optic
Eye movements
Cranial Nerves
Oculomotor & Trochlear & Abducens
Facial touch, temperature, and pain
Cranial Nerves
Trigeminal
Chewing, saliva production, taste buds
Cranial Nerves
Facial
Maintain equilibrium, hearing
Cranial Nerves
Vestibulocochlear
Throat and tongue movement, swallowing
Cranial Nerves
Glossopharyngeal
Heart and lung signals
Cranial Nerves
Vagus
Neck muscle and motor functions
Cranial Nerves
Accessory
Tongue and chewing movements, speech
Cranial Nerves
Hypoglossal
