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Gross Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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2
Q

How many bones does the adult body have?

A

206

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3
Q

Almost half of the total bones in the human body are located where?

A

Hands & feet

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4
Q

What are the smallest and the longest bones in the human body and where are they located?

A

Smallest bone is the stapes in the middle ear.
Largest bone is the femur in the thigh.

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5
Q

What kind of tissue is bone? Is it living or dead?

A

Bone is a hard form of connective tissue.
Living tissue (has its own metabolism ex. Fractured/broken bones are able to heal).

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protection, movement, support, mineral storage/release, blood cell formation.

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7
Q

What does the skeletal system protect?

A

Protects internal organs

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8
Q

What bones protect the lungs and heart?

A

Ribs and sternum

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9
Q

What bones protect the spinal cord?

A

Vertebrae

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10
Q

What bone protects the brain?

A

skull

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11
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

Name the process by which blood cells are produced.

A

Hematopoiesis

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13
Q

What minerals are stored and released in the bone?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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14
Q

How does the skeletal system facilitate movement?

A

Bones act as levers to move the body.

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15
Q

What parts of the skeletal system support the weight of the entire body?

A

Legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral column

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16
Q

What does the mandible (jawbone) support?

A

Teeth

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17
Q

What does the pelvic girdle support?

A

Pelvic and abdominal organs

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18
Q

What tissues/components are found in the bone?

A

Osseous tissue
Bone marrow (blood cell formation)
Adipose tissue
Nervous tissue (bone fractures hurt)
Blood supply (living tissue)
Connective tissue

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Spongy and Compact bone

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20
Q

Describe spongy bone.

A

Small needle-like
Many open spaces
Cancellous (porous, mesh-like) bone
Internal support
Located inside of compact bone

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21
Q

Describe compact bone.

A

Homogeneous
Hard
Strong
Weight bearing
Surrounds spongy bone

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22
Q

What is cartilage and its function?

A

Resilient, semi-rigid connective tissue that forms parts of skeleton to increase flexibility.
Main component of joints.

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23
Q

Articulating cartilages

A

Articulating surfaces (bearing surfaces) of bones participating in a synovial joint are capped with articulating cartilages, providing smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces for free movement.

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24
Q

What is the function of cartilage in the thoracic cage?

A

Provide flexibility to the diaphragm to aid in breathing.

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25
Q

What are the classifications of bone by shape?

A

Long, flat, irregular, sesamoid, and short bones

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26
Q

Describe long bones and list some examples.
What is their structure? What kind of bone do they contain? What is their function? Where are they found?

A

Longer then they are wide
Have shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Support weight and movement
Found in appendicular skeleton
Ex: humerus and femur

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27
Q

Describe short bones and list some examples.

A

Generally cube-shaped
Mostly spongy bone
Provide stability and movement
Ex: bones of the wrist

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28
Q

Describe flat bones and list some examples.

A

Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Two thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Protect internal organs
Provide attachment for muscles
Ex: skull bones, ribs, sternum

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29
Q

Describe irregular bones and list some examples.

A

Do not fit into other bone classification categories.
Irregular, complicated shape
Protect internal organs
Ex: Vertebra

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30
Q

Describe sesamoid bones and list some examples.

A

Bones that form within tendons
Give extra leverage
Small and round in shape
Protect the tendon from stress and wear
Ex: Patella

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31
Q

What is the only bone that does not articulate with any other in the body?

A

Hyoid Bone

32
Q

Hyoid bone location and function

A

Located in larynx
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

33
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Articulations between 2 or more bones
Holds bones together
Allow for mobility

34
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

A

Cartilaginous joint
Fibrous joint
Synovial joint

35
Q

What are the 5 classifications of synovial joints?

A

Plane (gliding) joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint

36
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints and where they are located.

A

Bones connected by cartilage (hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage)
More movement then fibrous, less then synovial
Ex: costal cartilage to sternum, intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

37
Q

Describe fibrous joints and where they are located.

A

Bones united by fibrous tissue
Largely immovable
Ex: skull, between ulna and radius

38
Q

Describe synovial joints and where they are located.

A

Most common joint in body
Most mobile
Surrounded by flexible membrane forming a sac
Synovial fluid secreted into the sac
Articulating cartilage covers bone ends to prevent friction
Reinforced by ligaments

39
Q

What are the two types of synovial sacs?

A

Subacromial Bursa
Tendon sheath

40
Q

Describe the function of subacromial bursa (synovial sac).

A

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane
Filled with synovial fluid
Eliminates friction by rolling where a structure would otherwise rub against a bone

41
Q

Describe structure and function of tendon sheath (synovial sacs).

A

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon.
Helps to protect the tendons during movement

42
Q

Plane (Gliding) Joint function and example.

A

Allows the bones to slide over each other
Ex: Carpals (wrist joint)

43
Q

Hinge joint function and example.

A

Works similarly to a door hinge
Moves in a single axis to bend or straighten
Ex: elbow (ulna and humerus), knee (femur and tibia), fingers and toes

44
Q

Pivot joint function and example.

A

Allows the rotation of the bones without changing the angle (across planes).
Ex: atlas and axis (1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae *neck), proximal and distal radioulnar joints (supination and pronation).

45
Q

Saddle joint function and example

A

Allows bi-axial movement in the sagittal and frontal planes
Ex: thumbs across hand

46
Q

Ball-and-Socket joint functions and examples.

A

Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone.
Allows more freedom of movement than any other kind of joint.
Ex: Hip and shoulder

47
Q

What is arthritis and what are the two types?

A

Joint inflammation that can cause pain and stiffness
Degenerative process with age
Ex: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

48
Q

Osteoarthritis definition and symptoms

A

Protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time
Lost of join space (bone on bone)

49
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis definition and symptoms

A

An autoimmune and inflammatory disease
The immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake, causing painful inflammation.
Bone erosion
Ex: ulnar deviation (fingers go out)

50
Q

How can rheumatoid arthritis affect the eyes?

A

Uveitis
Scleritis

51
Q

What is the axial skeleton? What bones does it include?

A

Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Ex: skull, hyoid bone, bony thorax (rib cage), vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx), sternum

52
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton? What bones does it include?

A

Composed of upper and lower extremities
Ex: Shoulder girdle, arm, hand, pelvic girdle, leg, foot, pectoral girdles

53
Q

What is the vertebral column? What are the different parts?

A

Houses the spinal canal that contains the spinal cord.
Separated by innervated discs.
Base of the skull to the tailbone.
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.

54
Q

How many bones does the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae each have? Sacrum and coccyx?

A

Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum- 5 fused into one
Coccyx- 4 fused into one

55
Q

Why is the vertebral column curved?

A

Help body to absorb stress from body movement and gravity.
Helps to bear weight.

56
Q

Spinous process definition and function.

A

Bony projection off posterior of each vertebrae.
Provides point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine.

57
Q

What is the Atlanta-occipital joint?

A

Function as bilaterally symmetrical ellipsoid synovial joints between C0 and C1.

58
Q

What does atlas (C1) articulate with, and what is the function?

A

Articulates with occipital condyles
Causes neck flexion/extension (nodding)
Carries whole head (Greek mythology)
Anterior

59
Q

What does axis (C2) articulate with, what is the function?

A

Articulates with atlas (C1)
Shaking head
Posterior

60
Q

What is the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Muscle attachment sites
The muscles that attach to the transverse processes maintain posture and induce rotation and lateral flexion of single vertebrae and the spine as a whole
Contains transverse foramen

61
Q

What is the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Hole in the transverse process through which the vertebral artery passes from the heart to the brain.

62
Q

What is the transverse costal facet for interior rib of the thoracic vertebra?

A

The surface that articulates with the tubercle of the rib with the same number for the first ten thoracic vertebrae.

63
Q

What is the superior costal facet for superior rib of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Site where a rib forms a joint with the top of a vertebra.

64
Q

What is the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

The opening in a vertebra that is formed by a neural arch and back portion of a vertebral body and through which the spinal cord passes.

65
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Main portion of the vertebra
Bears weight
Provides attachment for the discs between the vertebrae
Anterior section protects the spinal cord and verve roots

66
Q

Describe the intervertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae.

A

Location where nerve roots exit the spine.

67
Q

How does the spine appear with scoliosis?

A

Spine is “S” or “C” shaped

68
Q

How does the spine appear with lordosis?

A

Lumbar spine curves inwards (lower back).

69
Q

How does the spine appear with Kyphosis?

A

Thoracic spine curves outward (upper back).
Caused by compression fractures (collapsed vertebral body).

70
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Causes bones to become weak and brittle.
Bone become porous

71
Q

What is a synovial joint? Where are they found?

A

Allow for movement
Bones’ surfaces are covered with a tin layer of strong, smooth articulating cartilage.
A thin layer of synovial fluid separates and lubricates the two cartilage-covered bone surfaces.

72
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone
Fibrous connective tissue
Flexible

73
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone
Flexible

74
Q

What is the dens?

A

Bony projection on C2 (axis) that forms a joint with C1 (atlas) to aid in turning the head.

75
Q

What is Anklylosing spondylitis?

A

Inflammatory disease causing lumbar vertebrae to fuse
Makes spine less flexible (hunched posture)
Ossification along margin of disk spaces in lumbar spine
Can cause uveitis in the eye

76
Q

Describe the procedure of centesis.

A

Puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle to draw out fluid

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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