Head And Neck Flashcards by Jewel Brown

What is the overall structure of the neck divided into?

Neck is divided into triangles which as further divided

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Describe the function of the thyroid gland.

Produces thyroid hormone (TH, T3, T4)
Metabolism, growth, development

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Describe the function of the parathyroid gland.

Produces parathyroid hormone
Regulates calcium and phosphorus

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What is cretinism?

Disabilities (physical and learning) caused by congenital thyroid deficiency

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What is a goiter? What types of thyroid function is it associated with?

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism

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How should the thyroid be palpated?

Stand behind patient
Have the patient swallow
Place pressure on the thyroid to feel for abnormalities

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What is exophthalmos? What type of thyroid function is it associated with?

Bulging of the eyes, scleral sections are exposed superiority and inferiorly
Hyperthyroidism (or very high myopia)

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What is Grave’s disease? What type of thyroid function is it associated with?

Enlarged medial rectus muscles
Inflammation in orbit pushes eye forward
Hyperthyroidism

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What is the function of the vagus nerve? Where does it pass through?

Motor: heart, lungs, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, GI tract
Sensory: heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
Passes through neck (one on each side)
Parasympathetic

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What loops around the right subclavian artery?

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve which branches off the vagus nerve

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What loops around the aortic arch and innervates the larynx?

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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What does a nerve injury to the vagus nerve result in?

Hoarseness (voice weakness)

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What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

Provides motor innervation to the diaphragm
Aids in respiration
C3, C4, C5

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Describe the carotid sheath. What are the three portions of it?

Located anteriorly
Fascia of the neck
-Common carotid artery
-Internal jugular vein
-Vagus nerve
Prevents spread of infection, protection

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What is the orientation of the common carotid artery, vagus nerve, and internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath fascia?

Medial, middle, lateral

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What it is subarachnoid space located between?

Pia mater (closest to brain) and arachnoid mater

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What is the arrangement of the meninges within the brain? (Outside to inside)

Bones of skull
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Brain

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What is the function of Cerebral spinal fluid? Where is it found?

Cushions to protect the brain
Between arachnoid membrane and Pia mater

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From where does the maxillary nerve exit the skull?

Foramen rotundum

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Where is the Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Fossa located between in the skull?

Between the viscerocranium and neurocranium

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What nerve innervates the opthalmic, maxillary, and madibular nerves?

Trigeminal nerve CN 5

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What bone is located behind the zygomatic bone?

Pterygopalatine fossa

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Where do the mandibular nerves travel through?

Foramen ovale

What is the function of the inferior alveolar nerve?

Innervates the lower jaw/teeth/skin
Injected with novacane to numb

What is the function of the lingual nerve?

Innervates the tongue

What nerves are involved in sensory innervation to the face? What nerves are involved?

Trigeminal (CN 5) Facial (CN 7): front 2/3 of taste Opthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular (all CN 5) Cervical nerves

What nerves are involved in motor innervation to the face? What muscles are involved?

Facial (CN 7): facial expression Trigeminal (CN 5): muscle of mastification Temporalis and masseter

What are the paths of the 5 exterior branches of the facial nerve which exit from the skull interior? (Top to bottom)

Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Marginal Mandibular Branch Cervical branch (To Zanzibar By Motor Car)

Describe the chorda tympani nerve.

Arises from the facial nerve Carrying afferent special sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue via the lingual nerve Travels along tympanic in middle ear

What type of innervation innervates the salivary glands?

Parasympathetic through the chorda typani nerve

What type of innervation innervates taste?

Front 2/3 of taste of the tongue carried to brain by chorda tympani nerve via the lingual nerve.

Where does the Infraorbital nerve enter the skull?

Infraorbital foramen

From where does the face receive blood supply?

Both external carotid artery and internal carotid artery (Supraorbital and supratrochlear artery)

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior communicating artery

Where does the internal carotid artery supply blood to?

Anterior ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere (not contralateral)

Where does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood to?

Supplies blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes of the ipsilateral side

Where does the middle cerebral artery supply blood to?

Lateral surface of the hemisphere and the inferior part of the temporal lobe of the ipsilateral side

To where does the basilar artery supply blood to?

Posterior bilateral hemisphere (both sides)

Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood to?

Occipital lobe on the ipsilateral side

What arteries are involved in the Circle of Willis? (5)

Anterior cerebral artery (L and R) Anterior communicating artery Internal carotid artery (L and R) Posterior cerebral artery (L and R) Posterior communicating artery (L and R)

What occurs within the arteries in the brain during a stroke?

1. Plaque in diseased carotid artery 2. Blood clot (thrombus) breaks off 3. Blood clot in cerebral artery blocks blood flow Plaque commonly acccumulates at carotid bifurcation Turbulence, endothelium becomes damaged

What is occlusion? Through what type of imaging can this and other blood vessel issues be imaged?

Complete or partial blockage of a blood vessel Arterial Angiography

In the example where a person has blockage in their right and left internal carotid arteries, how is the person still living?

Communicating arteries facilitated blood flow instead through the circle of Willis.

What occurs during occlusion of the central retinal artery? What is the pathway of plaque/blockage?

Retina loses blood supply, retina is no longer transparent Plaque (retinal embolus), internal carotid, Opthalmic artery, central retinal artery Branch retinal artery occlusion occurs (only one branch affected)

Describe the orientation and course of the internal carotid artery?

Posterior and larger then ECA Course is convoluted (not a straight path)

What is the difference between an embolism and arteritis?

Embolism- obstruction of an artery, typically a clot Arteritis- inflammation of the arteries that damages the bv walls and reduce blood flow

To where does the superficial temporal artery come from and supply blood? What can it be diagnosed with when occluded?

Comes from ECA and supplies temporal Can be biopsied for giant cell arteritis which can cause occlusion and loss of blood flow to the retina

What is an anastomosis? Where can an example of this be found?

Cross-connection between adjacent vessels Scalp

What are the Indirect branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the scalp?

Supratrochlear artery Supraorbital artery

What are the Direct branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp?

Superficial temporal artery Posterior auricular artery Occipital artery

What are the Indirect branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the peri-orbital region?

Supratrochlear artery and vein Supraorbital artery and vein

What are the Direct branches of the external carotid artery that supply the peri-orbital region?

Lacrimal artery Superficial temporal artery and vein Transverse facial artery Infraorbital artery Angular artery and vein

What is the Falx cerebri?

A sickle-shaped structure Formed from the invagination of the dura mater into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres.

What two vessels are involved in drainage of the peri-orbital?

Cavernous sinus Pterygoid plexus

What do emissary veins connect within the pterygoid plexus?

Pterygoid venous plexus to cavernous sinus

What are 4 of the major branches of the external carotid artery?

Superficial temporal artery Posterior temporal artery Occipital artery Maxillary artery

What artery supplies blood to the opthalmic artery?

Internal carotid artery