Muscular System Flashcards by Jewel Brown

What are the 3 types of muscle cells? Which are voluntary or involuntary? Which are striated?

Smooth Muscle: Involuntary
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, Striated
Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, Striated

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What are the 6 functions of the muscular system?

Produce movement
Provide static support, maintain posture
Give form to the body
Provide heat, maintain body temperature
Guard entrances and exits
Communication

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How does the muscular system provide static support and maintain posture?

Resist pull of gravity
Maintain tendon tension
Prevent unwanted movements

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How does the muscular system give form to the body?

Supports soft tissue
Protects visceral organs (abdominal wall muscles)

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How does the muscular system maintain body temperature?

Hold up to 85% of body heat
Shivering

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How does the muscular system guard entrances and exits? What are some examples?

Eyelids, pupils, mouth
Intestinal sphincters: valve-like structures formed by muscles, control movement of substances in and out of passages.

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How does the muscular system aid in communication?

Facial expression
Body language
Writing
Speech

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What are the 2 divisions of the muscular system?

Axial and appendicular

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Describe the axial muscular division and its functions.

60% of skeletal muscles
Position head and spinal column
Move rib cage and torso

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Describe the appendicular muscular division and its functions.

40% skeletal muscles
Position and support pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
Support and move upper and lower limbs

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Where is the bicep brachii located and what is its function?

Crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints

Main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm

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Describe the parts of a skeletal muscle (origin, belly, insertion).

Origin: bony attachment at stationary end of muscle

Belly: middle region between origin and insertion, produced contraction

Insertion: bony attachment at mobile end of muscle, distal to origin, moves toward origin

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What are Fascicles in the anatomy of a muscle?

Bundles of muscle fibers
All fibers are parallel
Fibers run parallel to long axis of muscle

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What are the parallel muscles and their examples?

Parallel muscle: biceps brachii muscle

Parallel muscle with tendinous bands: rectus abdominal muscle

Wrapping muscles: supinator

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Describe convergent muscles and give an example.

Broad area converges to attachment site

Ex: Pectoralis muscles

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Describe unipennate muscles and give an example.

Fascicles form an angle with the tendon.
Fibers on one side of tendon

Ex: extensor digitorum muscle

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Describe bipennate muscles and give an example.

Fibers on both sides of tendon

Ex: Rectus femoris muscle

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Describe multipennate muscle and give an example.

Tendon branches within muscle

Ex: deltoid muscle

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Describe a circular muscle and give an example.

Sphincters guarding entrances.
Insert into themselves

Ex: orbicularis oris muscle

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What are the 8 skeletal muscles name indicators?

Location
Origin and Insertion
Direction of fibers
Shape
Number of tendons
Relative size
Relative position
Action

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How is location used to indicate skeletal muscle name?

Nearby structure

Ex: Temporalis muscle is near temporal bone

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How is origin and insertion used to indicate skeletal muscle name?

First part of name: origin or insertion
Second part of name: insertion or origin
Ex: Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Clavicular head & Sternal head= origins
Mastoid process= insertion

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How is direction of fibers used to indicate skeletal muscle name?

Rectus: parallel to midline (rectus abdominus)
Transverse: at right angle to midline (transverse abdominis)
Oblique: diagonal to midline (external oblique)

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How is shape used to name skeletal muscles?

Deltoid= triangular
Trapezius= trapezoid
Rhomboid= rhombus
Teres= round or cylindrical

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What is the function of the deltoid?

prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane

What muscles are involved in positioning and moving the scapula (shoulder shrug)?

Trapezius Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major

How is shape used to name skeletal muscles?

Latissimus= wide Serratus= saw-toothed

How is number of tendons used to name skeletal muscles?

Biceps= 2 heads (biceps brachii) Triceps= 3 heads (triceps brachii) Quadriceps= 4 heads (quadriceps femoris)

How is relative size used to name skeletal muscles?

Maximus Major Magnus Medius Minor Minimus (Largest to smallest)

How is relative size used to mane skeletal muscles?

Longissimus Longus Teres Brevis Tertius (Longest to shortest)

How is relative position used to name skeletal muscles?

External (externus, superficialis)- closer to body surface Internal (internus, profundus)- deeper muscles

How is relative position used to name skeletal muscles?

Intrinsic- muscles inside an organ Extrinsic- muscles outside an organ

What are the 8 action terms used to name skeletal muscles?

Flexor- decrease joint angle Extensor- increase joint angle Abductor- away midline Adductor- toward midline Levator- upward Depressor- downward Supinator- palm upward Pronator- palm downward

Describe the movement of skeletal contraction? Can muscles push?

Shortening of a muscle pulls on bone. Skeletal muscles can only contract/ pull and relax, they never push.

What happens to insertion to origin points during contraction?

Insertion moves toward origin. Origin and insertion may reverse. Skeletal muscles cross at least one joint (muscle bulk lies proximal to the joint crossed). Angle between bone changes.

What portions of the muscle transfers force to bone?

Tendon Fascia: sheet of connective tissue under skin that stabilizes, separates, and protect muscles from other internal organs, reduces friction. Aponeurosis (deep fascia): for muscles needing a wide area of attachment

Describe the role of bones, joints, muscles, and load in movement?

Bones act as lever arms Joints act as fulcrums (F) or pivots Muscles provide effort (E) or applied force to move loads Load (L) or resistance is the weights of body parts, or forces needed to lift, push or pull things outside our bodies.

Describe a first class lever and an example.

Fulcrum between Effort & Load Head nodding down

Describe a second class lever and give an example.

Load between Effort and Fulcrum Small force moves a large weight (wheelbarrow) Calf raises

Describe a third class lever and give an example.

Effort between Load and Fulcrum Large effort moves smaller loads (tweezers) Bicep curls

Describe the agonist and antagonist functional groups of muscles and their functions.

Agonist (prime mover): produces a movement Antagonist: opposes the prime mover Agonist contracts, antagonist relaxes to maximize efficiency Ex: bicep contracts while triceps relaxes, flexors vs extensors, abductors vs adductors

Describe the functional groups of synergist and fixator.

Synergist aids prime mover, similar to agonist, prevents unwanted movements. Fixator stabilizes origin of prime mover to move other end.

What is the brachioradialis and its function?

Superficial muscle on lateral side of forearm Proximal Inserts distally on radius Flexes forearm at elbow Capable of pronation and supination

How do the 4 functional groups function during elbow flexion?

Agonist: biceps brachii Antagonist: triceps brachii Synergist: Brachioradialis, stabilizes elbow joint Fixator: Trapezius, rhombiods, holds scapula in place

What is reflexive contraction?

Automatic skeletal muscle activities NOT voluntarily controlled Ex: Respiratory movements of diaphragm, Knee-jerk reflex

What is Tonic contraction?

Conscious “relaxed” skeletal muscles are slighted contracted (muscle tone) Does not produce movement Assists joint stability, maintain posture Ex: sitting and standing

What is phasic contraction?

Active muscle contractions

What are the 3 types of phasic muscle contractions?

Concentric (shortening: Force > Load Eccentric (lengthening): Force < Load Isometric (no movement): Force = Load

Where are axial muscles located?

Head and neck Vertebral column Abdominal wall Back

What are the 6 head and neck muscle groups?

Facial expression Eye movement Mastication Tongue Pharynx Anterior neck

What is the function and innervation of the muscles of mastication?

Move the mandible (jaw) Innervated by trigeminal nerve motor root CN V3

Describe the function and innervation of the muscles of facial expression.

Skeletal muscles that insert into skin and not bone Some do not originate from bone Sphincters of facial orifices Innervated by CN 7

Muscles of facial expression: Depressor anguli oris

Frown

Muscles of facial expression: orbicularis oculi

Blink/ close eyes

Muscles of facial expression: zygomaticus major

Smile

Muscles of facial expression: orbicularis oris

Close mouth/ kiss

Muscles of facial expression: frontalis

Wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows

Muscles of facial expression: platysma

Tense skin of neck

What are the functions of the pharyngeal muscles?

Lift the soft palate Elevate the larynx Deliver food bolus down to esophagus

How are you tongue muscles differentiated?

Names end in glossus

What are the functions of the appendicular muscles?

Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles. Move upper and lower limbs

Describe the anatomy and function of the shoulder joint.

Rotator cuff muscles hold humerus in glenoid fossa, stabilizes the joint. SITS: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis