Skeletal system Flashcards
What are the five functions of the skeletal system?
Forms an internal support system (Skeleton)
Lever system to facilitate movement of body
Protection of vital organs
Contains red bone marrow for blood cell formation
Acts as a reservoir for calcium & phosphate (Osteoporosis)
What are the bones of the axial skeleton?
-Skull Hyoid bone Vertebral column Sternum Ribs
Classify bones according to shape, and give an example of each
Long bones: femur Short bones: carpals Sesamoid bones: Patella Irregular bones: vertebra Accessory bones: extra finger or toe Flat bones: sternum
Which bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Bones of the cranuim
Clavicle
What are the two divisions of the skull and what does each one protect?
Neurocranium: encloses the brain
Viscerocranium: Emcloses digestive and respirator organs
That are the key features of a frontal bone?
A frontal bone has:
- Supraorbital and infraorbital ridge
- Supraorbital and Infraorbital foramen
- It has a Glabella between it’s ridges
- It forms the roof of the orbit (orbital plate) and forms the floor of the anterior cranial floor
What are the four divisions of the temporal bone? And what do they consist of?
Squamous part: Zygomatic arch and the mandibular fossa
Tympanic part: Borders the external acoustic meatus and has a styloid process protruding posteriorly.
Mastoid part: formed by the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Petrous part: Lies within the cranial fossa and houses the middle ear
what are the features of the occipital bone?
It has an external occipital protuberance
It articulates with the sphenoid bone anteriorly, and with the temporal bones laterally.
It has occipital condyles on each side of the foramen magnum, to articulate with C1
What are the features of the sphenoid bone?
Made up of the greater and the lesser wing
Consists of the sella turcica
What are the features are the features of the mandible?
Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bones
Has coronoid and condylar processes
Body
Has a mandibular angle
Mental foramina
Mental protuberance
Has mental spines on the posterior surface
What are the features of the Sternum?
Manubrium - there is a jugular notch, forms superior border of the sternum
Body
Xiphoid process
Manubriosternal joint - forms the inferior border of the sternum. This is the point of articulation for the second rib
Name the facets on the manubrium of the sternum
Superolateral facet - for articulation with the clavicle
Inferolateral facet - for articulation with the first rib.
Describe the anatomy of the sternal body
It has 4 fused segments, and the joints appear as ridges on the anterior surface of the sternum
On the lateral borders there are facets for articulation of ribs 2-7 via costal cartilages
How many true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs does the body have (respectively)
7 true ribs
3 false ribs
2 floating ribs
What are the features of a typical rib
- Superior and inferior articular facets on the vertebral head
- Tubercle that has a facet articulating to the costal facet on the transverse processes of T-vertebrae
- Angle
- -sternal end, which has costal cartilage for articulation with the sternum
Which ribs are typical?
Ribs 3-9
What are atypical ribs by definition?
Ribs that deviate from the general structure of ribs
Which ribs are atypical?
Ribs 1-2 and ribs 10-12
Why is the first Rib atypical?
Has an angle on the tubercle
Only has one articular facet on its head, the superior facet of T1
Has a rough superior surface as structures attach and pass through the area.
Has a smooth inferior surface
Features of the clavicle
Has a sternal and an acromial end
The sternal end is triangular/pyramidal in shape, it articulates to the sternal notch (superolateral facet) of manubrium
The acromial end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula
Describe the acromial end of the clavicle
It is flat and concave, broader than the sternal end.
Its inferior surface is rough and has prominent lines tubercles and for the attachment of muscles and ligaments
Describe the sternal end of the clavicle (the medial 2/3)
The medial 2/3 is smooth and convex anteriorly
What bone markings can you find in a clavicle?
Costal tuberosity close to the sternal end
Conoid tubercle close to the acromial end
Subclavian groove
Trapezoid line at the acromial end, just lateral to the conoid tubercle
Name the three borders of the scapula
Superior border
Medial border
Lateral border
Name the three angles of the scapula
Superior angle
Lateral angle
Inferior angle
which ribs does the scapula cover?
Ribs 2-7
What is the anterior surface of the scapula called?
The anterior surface is called the subscapular fossa
Describe the posterior surface of the scapula
It has a spine called the spine of the scapula
Superior to the spine it has the supraspinous fossa
Inferior to the spine it has the infraspinous fossa
Where in the scapula is the supraclavicular notch?
The supraclavicular notch is found on the superior border of the scapula, along the lateral side
What bone markings are on the lateral angle of the scapula?
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid fossa
Supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles
List the labels of the humerus
Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Greater and Lesser tubercles Intertubercular groove/sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Supracondylar ridge Medial and lateral epicondyles Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Trochlea Olecranon fossa Capitulum
List the labels of the ulnar
Olecranon process Coronoid process Trochlea notch Radial notch Supinator fossa Ulnar tuberosity Ulnar styloid process
List the labels of the radius
-Head of radius
-Neck of radius
Radial tuberosity
Ulnar notch of radius
Ulnar styloid process
Which bones does the radius articulate with distally?
Scaphoid and lunate
List the carpal bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
What are the three functions of the vertebral column
- Carries the cranium
- Houses an protects the spinal cord
- Supports the trunk
What is a condition in which the thoracic vertebra have increased curvature?
Kyphosis
What is the condition in which the lumbar spine has increased curvature?
Lordosis?
What is the condition in which the spine has lateral curvature?
Scoliosis
What are the features of a typical cervical vertebra?
Small oval vertebral body Large vertebral foramen Spinous processes project horizontally - Bifid tip Transverse foramina - Vertebral artery passage Superior and inferior articular facets -The inferior facets face down and forward - Allows head movements
Which cervical vertebra are atypical, and why are they atypical?
C1 - Does not have a body, no spinous process, large vertebral foramen, anterior and posterior arches surround the vertebral foramen.
C2 - Has an extra process called the odontoid process, it connects the to the atlas (C1)
C6 - Large carotid tubercle on transverse process
C7 - Spinous process is long
Which thoracic vertebra are atypical?
T1, T2, T9-T12
Which lumbar vertebra are atypical
L5
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx
Name the borders of the ilium and what each border consists of
Superior border - consists of the iliac crest, and a tubercle that projects from the most lateral point
Anterior border - has the ASIS and the AIIS
Posterior border - consists of the PSIS and the PIIS, as well as the greater sciatic notch
Describe the anatomy of the ischium
Body forms 2/5 of acetabulum Extends to ischial tuberosity Projects to join inferior pubic ramus Ischium is the sitting bone - Carries body weight while sitting - Palpable in this position
Describe the anatomy of the pubis
Body joined by sup. & inf. pubic rami Superior pubic ramus forms 1/5 acetab. - Thickening near acetabulum (Eminence) - Sharp ridge medially (Pectineal line) Inferior pubic ramus - Forms ischiopubic ramus posteriorly - 2 ischiopubic rami form pubic arch
List the labels of the femur
Head Neck Greater and lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric crest (posteriorly) and intertrochanteric line (anteriorly) Medial and lateral condyles Medial and lateral epicondyles Adductor tubercle
Name the tarsal bones
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, lateral) and cuboid
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?
Talus
