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Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS (somatic function) and PNS (visceral function)

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2
Q

What is the CNS composed of, and what is the PNS composed of?

A

CNS: Brain and Spinal cord
PNS all the structures outside the CNS which connect it to the body such as spinal nerves, cranial nerves and visceral nerves

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Somatic nervous system [Sensory (afferent)and motor (efferent)]

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4
Q

What does the somatic part of the NS innervate?

A

Somatic nervous system Innervates structures derived from somites in the embryo, mainly involved with
receiving and responding to information from the external environment.

Consists of nerves that carry sensation from the peripheries to the CNS
Nerves that innervate voluntary muscles

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5
Q

What is the reasoning behind the existence or dermatomes and myotomes?

A

Somatic nerves arise from the developing CNS alongside somites, therefore,
dermatomyotomes are created - in which a particular nerve supplies a particular region of
skin and the skeletal muscle of that region due to being derived from the same somite.

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6
Q

What is the function of somatic sensory neurons

A

Carry information towards the CNS and are also called
somatic sensory afferents, or general somatic afferents

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7
Q

What is the function of somatic motor neurons?

A

Carry information from the CNS and are also termed
somatic motor efferents, or general somatic efferents

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8
Q

What does the visceral nervous system innervate?

A

Innervates organ systems in the body, as well as visceral elements such as
smooth muscle and glands in the peripheral regions, mainly involved in detecting
and responding to information from the internal environment.

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9
Q

What is the function of visceral sensory neurons?

A

Are also called general visceral afferent fibres
These are associated with chemoreception, mechanoreception and stretch reception

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10
Q

What is the function of visceral sensory neurons?

A

are also termed general visceral efferent fibres
* These synapse with other cells developing outside the CNS

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11
Q

Differentiate between pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibres

A

Axons of visceral motor fibres that occur in the spinal cord are called pre-ganglionic
fibres
Axons of visceral motor fibres that occur outside the CNS are called post-ganglionic
fibres

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12
Q

What does the aggregations of cell bodies create

A

It creates ganglia

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13
Q

Describe the sympathetic division of the NS

A

Innervates structures in the peripheries of the body and viscera

-A sympathetic trunk lies on each side of the vertebral column and
is attached to the anterior rami of the spinal cord, there is a series
of sympathetic ganglia present which is formed from the
collection of postganglionic cell bodies.

“FIGHT OR FLIGHT”

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14
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division of the NS

A

Innervates viscera only

Parasympathetic fibres are associated with some of the cranial and
spinal nerves; preganglionic neurons are in the CNS

“REST AND DIGEST”

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15
Q

What is the gray and white matter of the cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum has an outer portion – gray matter – which contains the
cell bodies; and an inner portion – white matter – which contains the
axons that form tracts and pathways.

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16
Q

What are the five divisions of the brain?

A

Telencephalon –

Diencephalon:

Mesencephalon –

Metencephalon:

Myelencephalon –

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17
Q

Describe the telencephalon

A

Cerebrum: becomes large cerebral hemispheres. The
surface of these hemispheres consists of elevations (gyri) and depressions
(sulci). The two hemispheres are separated via the longitudinal fissure

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18
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

Hidden from view in adult brain by cerebral hemispheres. Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus and other related structures.

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19
Q

Describe the mesencephalon

A

Midbrain: first part of the brainstem seen when an intact adult brain is examined.

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20
Q

Describe the Metencephalon

A

gives rise to the cerebellum (which has its’ own two
hemispheres and a midline) as well as the pons (bulging part of brainstem)

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21
Q

Describe the myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata: caudal-most part of brainstem, ends at foramen magnum and is continuous with spinal cord.

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22
Q

Name the main sulci of the brain and what lobes they separate

A

Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral fissure separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus separates parietal and occipital lobes
Pre-occipital notch separates temporal and occipital lobes

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23
Q

Name the six lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Limbic system
Insula

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24
Q

Describe the central sulcus of the brain

A

It runs centrally on the brain, dividing the cerebrum into motor and sensory cortex, as well as frontal and parietal lobes.

25
Q

What is the pre and post-central gyri?

A

▪ Pre-central gyrus – the gyrus anterior to the central sulcus, contains primary motor
cortex, sulcus before it is known as pre-central sulcus
▪ Post-central gyrus – the gyrus posterior to the central sulcus, contains primary
sensory cortex, sulcus after is known as postcentral sulcus

26
Q

Describe the primary motor cortex

A

The area anterior to the central sulcus is responsible for motor function.
▪ The primary motor cortex is located in the pre-central gyrus.
▪ This includes an area responsible for the precise, conscious and voluntary movement
of skeletal muscles.

27
Q

Describe the primary sensory cortex

A

The area posterior to the central sulcus is responsible for sensory function.
▪ The primary sensory cortex is located in the post-central gyrus.
▪ This includes an area responsible for conscious awareness of sensation and the ability
to localise it.

28
Q

Define sensory and motor homounculus

A

Representation of the human body in the sensory and motor cortex respectively.
Specific areas of the cortex are linked to areas of the body

29
Q

In which division of the brain would you find the thalamus

A

In the diencephalon

30
Q

In which division of the brain would you find the thalamus

A

In the diencephalon

31
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus?

A

The thalamus is involved in the relay of both sensory and motor signals
and contains various nuclei that assist in this functioning.

32
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus?

A

The thalamus is involved in the relay of both sensory and motor signals
and contains various nuclei that assist in this functioning.

Although the primary role is in the relay of information surrounding
auditory, visual and somatosensory systems the thalamus also is involved
in memory, arousal and emotion due to its involvement in the limbic
system.

33
Q

What is the structure that connects the forebrain to the spinal cord?

A

Brainstem

34
Q

What are the three main functions of the brainstem?

A

Acts as a channel for ascending and descending pathways
* Houses cranial nerve nuclei
* Has reflex centres for autonomic functioning (respiration etc.)

35
Q

What are the three main functions of the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

36
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

Between the forebrain and pons.

37
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?

A

cranial nerves III and IV emerge from its surface

38
Q

Name the nuclei found in the midbrain

A

has several nuclei present, such as the Edinger-Westphal
nucleus, oculomotor nuclei and trochlear nucleus.

39
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Functioning in motor movements, and roles in auditory and visual
processing as well as functions in sleep.

40
Q

What is the dural fold that covers the pituitory gland?

A

Diaphragma cellae

41
Q

Where is the pons situated?

A

It is situated between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata

42
Q

Name the point where the pons meets the medulla oblongata

A

Pontomedullary junction

43
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

Cranial nerves VI, VII and VIII

44
Q

Where does cranial nerve V emerge from?

A

Anterolateral surface of the pons

45
Q

What nuclei are present in the pons?

A

several nuclei are present, also contains the facial
colliculus (fibres of the facial nerve wrapping around the abducens
nerve nuclei creating a bump)

46
Q

Name the function of the pons

A

Functioning involves: relay station, nuclei involved in sleep and
breathing

47
Q

What is the longest structure in the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata

48
Q

Describe the structure of the medulla oblongata

A

Has an anterior median fissure, lateral to this fissure are the
medullary pyramids which are involved in descending tracts
Laterally to the pyramids are the medullary olives

49
Q

What is the function of medullary olives?

A

are
involved in movement and co-ordination.

50
Q

Which nerves emerge from the medulla oblongata?

A

▪ Cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII

51
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

responsible for cardiovascular and
respiratory systems as well as being a relay station.

52
Q

What nuclei are in the medulla oblongata?

A

Internally the medulla houses several nuclei including cranial
nuclei, olivary nuclei and nuclei of the ascending and descending
tracts

53
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

the vermis

54
Q

What are the convolutions in the cerebellum called?

A

folia

55
Q

Name the fissures that separates the cerebellum into lobes

A

Primary fissure – divides anterior and posterior lobes
Posterolateral fissure – defines the flocculonodular lobe
(which includes the flocculus of both hemispheres and the
nodule of the vermis)

56
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum

A

co-ordination and movement of
motor skills, especially those of the hands and feet

maintaining posture, balance and equilibrium.

57
Q

Name the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum and state their functions

A

Vermis, in midline – influences movements along the axis of
the body (incl. neck, trunk, abdomen and pelvis)
* Intermediate zone, adjacent to vermis – controls muscles of
distal upper and lower limbs
* Lateral zone – participates in co-ordinating sequential
movements of the entire body.

58
Q

What connects cerebellum to the brainstem

A

cerebellar peduncles

Anatomy (7 decks)

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