Lower respiratory tract

Question 1

Describe the tracheal cartilages

Answer 1

C-shaped cartilages orientated horizontally
- Open part (of the C shape) faces posteriorly

Question 2

What is the name of the Hook shaped structure on lowest cartilage

Answer 2

Carina

Question 3

What is the name of the muscle found on the posterior wall of the trachea?

Answer 3

Trachealis
-It is a smooth muscle

Question 4

Where are annular ligaments found?

Answer 4

Between adjacent tracheal cartilages

Question 4

The trachea bifurcates and forms______________ which enter each lung

Answer 4

Main/primary bronchi

Question 5

The primary bronchi divides and forms______________ which supply each lobe of the lung

Answer 5

Secondary/lobar bronchi

(Superior, middle, and inferior secondary bronchi)

Question 6

What are the divisions of lobar bronchi called?

Answer 6

Segmental/tertiary bronchi

Question 7

What are the divisions of segmental bronchi called?

Answer 7

bronchioles

Question 8

What connects alveoili to bronchioles?

Answer 8

Alveolar ducts

Question 9

What are clusters of alveoli called?

Answer 9

Alveolar sacs

Question 10

Where is the apex and base of the lung located? (RESPECTIVELY)

Answer 10

Apex:
- Projects above 1st rib into the root of the neck
* Base:
- Sits on the diaphragm
- Forms the diaphragmatic surface of the lung

Question 11

Describe the costal surface of the lung

Answer 11

• Lies adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces (thoracic
  wall)
• Indented by ribs

Question 12

Describe the mediastinal surface of the lung

Answer 12

Lies against the mediastinum (anteriorly) and vertebral
column (posteriorly)
- Indented by structures in the mediastinum
- Contains hilum of the lung
Main bronchus + Pulmonary artery + Pulmonary veins enter/exit

Question 13

Describe the borders of the lungs

Answer 13

Anterior border:
- Sharp
2. Posterior border:
- Smooth and rounded
- Lie against vertebral column
3. Inferior border:
- Sharp
- Encircles base

Question 14

Describe the right lung

Answer 14

Wider and shorter than the left
* 3 lobes: Superior, Middle and Inferior
* 2 fissures: Oblique and Horizontal

Question 15

Describe the left lung

Answer 15

Narrower and longer than the right
* 2 lobes: Superior and Inferior
* 1 fissure: Oblique
* Anterior border:
- Cardiac notch: prominent indentation formed by the heart
- Lingula: Tongue-like extension below the cardiac notch

Question 16

Name the two layers of the pleura

Answer 16

Outer parietal layer - Parietal pleura (Thoracic wall)
2. Inner visceral layer – Visceral pleura (Lung surface)

Question 17

What is the space between the pleura called? And what is found in this space?

Answer 17

Pleural cavity between the two layers
- Normally, only contains a thin layer of serous fluid