Skeletal system

Question 1

hematopoiesis

Answer 1

blood cell formation that occurs within bone marrow

Question 2

compact bone

Answer 2

hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone. looks smooth and homogeneous

Question 3

osseous

Answer 3

bone tissue

Question 4

spongy bone

Answer 4

small needlelike pieces of bone with lots of open space- look like honeycombs and are called trabeculae

Question 5

long bones

Answer 5

longer than they are wide, mostly compact bone. all limb bones are long except wrist and ankles

Question 6

short bones

Answer 6

cube shaped, contain spongy bone. includes wrist and ankle bones and kneecap

Question 7

sesamoid bones

Answer 7

round bones found near joints (e.g. the patella, a small bone that connects muscles inn front of the thigh to the tibia)

Question 8

flat bones

Answer 8

bones that are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull

Question 9

irregular bones

Answer 9

bones of the vertebrae, hip, and face.

Question 10

diaphysis

Answer 10

shaft/main section of a long bone

Question 11

periosteum (hint: osteum think bone)

Answer 11

double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone

Question 12

epiphysis

Answer 12

ends of long bone

Question 13

articular cartilage

Answer 13

covers the external surface of the epiphyses. Made of hyaline cartilage and decreases friction at joint surfaces

Question 14

epiphyseal line

Answer 14

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

Question 15

osteogenic/ osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 15

stem cells which create other bone cells, eg osteoblasts

Question 16

osteoblasts

Answer 16

matrix-synthesising cell that is responsible for bone growth. leads to osteocytes

Question 17

Osteocytes

Answer 17

mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

Question 18

osteoclasts

Answer 18

made from white blood cells, dissolve/reabsorb bone

Question 19

why do osteoclasts have a spiky/fringy part on their cell?

Answer 19

increases surface area so that the osteoclasts can reabsorb bone more efficiently. Also locks away other parts of the matrix to protect them from being dissolved

Question 20

mastoid process

Answer 20

a pyramidal bony projection from the posterior section of the temporal bone

Question 21

zygomatic process

Answer 21

a rough triangular eminence, situated at the angle of separation of the anterior, zygomatic, and orbital surfaces. In front it forms part of the anterior surface

Question 22

styloid process

Answer 22

a cylindrical, slender, needle-like projection of varying lengths averaging 2 to 3 cm. The styloid process projects from the inferior part of the petrous temporal bone and offers attachment to the stylohyoid ligament and the stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus, and styloglossus muscles

Question 23

costal

Answer 23

refers to ribs

Question 24

C1 vertebra

Answer 24

Also known as the atlas, it is missing the spinous process

Question 25

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 25

gaps in-between vertebrae

Question 26

condyloid fossa

Answer 26

posterior to occipital condyles, a ditch in bone that leads to canal

Question 27

"articular/articulation" means

Answer 27

to join

Question 28

epiphyseal plate

Answer 28

hyaline cartilage that can turn into bone via bone growth (endochondral ossification)

Question 29

appositional growth

Answer 29

adds another layer of bone growth on existing bone

Question 30

bone resorption- remodelling of bones

Answer 30

osteoclasts move along bone surface and dig grooves into it. Components of this degradation are recycled into the blood. This process can be kick-started by a deficiency of a certain mineral in the bloodstream.

Question 31

endochondral ossification

Answer 31

bone develops in childhood through to adolecence. Bone growth occurs through replacement of the hyaline cartilage. Doesn't include skull and clavicle

Question 32

intramembraneous ossification

Answer 32

starts in fibrous connective tissue. osteoblasts form from early embryological tissues and initiate bone production

Question 33

bone deposition

Answer 33

occurs where bone is injured or strength is needed. Osteoblasts create an osteoid gel

Question 34

bone resorption

Answer 34

osteoclasts dissolve bone via acids and enzymes, digging groves. occurs when body needs the minerals stored within the bone as the components of this degradation are recycled back into the bloodstream.

Question 35

Compact bone is made of

Answer 35

osteon which are essentially small hollow tubes which provide structural strength. A group of these osteon are known as a bone matrix.

Question 36

lamellae/ one lamella

Answer 36

Are individual hollow tubes within osteons. collagen fibres run in opposing directions which allows withstanding of torsion.

Question 37

he hollow centre of the bone matrix (osteon) is known as

Answer 37

the central canal which contains vessels and nerves

Question 38

perforating canals

Answer 38

connect central canals of osteons on right angles to the central canal.

Question 39

lacunae

Answer 39

hollow junctions between lamellae that contain octeocytes

Question 40

canaliculi

Answer 40

thin canals that connect lacunae and central canals

Question 41

periosteum

Answer 41

lines the outside of bone as a sort of connective tissue

Question 42

endosteum

Answer 42

lines the bony canals and covers the trabeculae

Question 43

Wolff's law

Answer 43

bone can grow or remodel in response to mechanical stress (demands) placed on it. Fluid containing ions in bone becomes compressed and are sent through canaliculi canals, changing electrical current within bone which sends signal to osteocytes that bones need reformation.

Question 44

the term fossa

Answer 44

refers to a ditch in the bone

Question 45

the term foramen

Answer 45

refers to holes

Question 46

the term process

Answer 46

refers to a protrusion of bone sticking out from main bone.

Question 47

the term facet

Answer 47

refers to joining point on a bone