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anatomy and physiology > Arteries And Veins > Flashcards

Arteries And Veins Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of arteries and veins

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

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2
Q

Lumen of arteries, veins and capillaries

A

Central blood containing space (hole of the vessel)

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3
Q

Tunica intima is made of

A

Endothelium lines the lumen of all vessels. In vessels larger than 1mm a subendothelial connective tissue basement membrane is present

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4
Q

Tunica media is made if

A

Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin.

Sympathetic gasometer nerve fibres control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels

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5
Q

Tunica externa (Tunica Adventitia) is made of

A

Collagen fibres protecting and reinforcing the vessel.

Larger vessels contain vasa Vado rum to nourish external layer

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6
Q

What are Elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics.
Large lumen offers low resistance.

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7
Q

Which arteries are the elastic arteries?

A

Aorta and it’s major branches, pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

What do elastic arteries act as?

A

Act as pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart

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9
Q

What is distal to the elastic arteries?

A

The muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles

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10
Q

What are muscular (distributing) arteries and arterioles?

A

Deliver blood to body organs, have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle. Active in vasoconstriction

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11
Q

Are the muscular (distributing) arteries or elastic (conducting) arteries active in vasoconstriction?

A

Muscular (distributing) arteries

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12
Q

What are arterioles?

A

The smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds.

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13
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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14
Q

Capillaries are

A

Microscopic blood vessels with walls of this tunica intima and are one cell thick.

Pericytes help stabilise their walls and control permeability
Size only allows one RBC to pass at a time

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15
Q

Capillary function:

A

Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones etc

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16
Q

Why do tendons and ligaments heal slowly?

A

Poorly vascularised, not many capillaries present

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17
Q

Capillaries are present in all tissues except

A

Cartilage
Epithelia
Cornea
Lens of eye

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18
Q

What are venules and how are they formed?

A

Formed when capillary beds unite.
Very porous which allows fluids and white blood cells j to tissues
Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

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19
Q

What do postcapillary venules consist of?

A

Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes

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20
Q

Veins are formed

A

When venules converge

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21
Q

Veins have

A

Thinner walls, larger linens compared with corresponding arteries.
Have lower BP
Thin tunica media and a thick tunica externa consisting of collagen fibres and elastic networks

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22
Q

What are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) because

A

Veins contain up to 65% of blood supply

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23
Q

How do veins return blood to heart from body?

A

Large diameter lumens offer little resistance

Valves prevent backflow

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24
Q

Valves in veins are most abundant where?

A

In veins of the limbs

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25
Venous sinuses are what?
Flattened veins with extremely thin walls (eg coronary sinus of the heat and rural sinuses of the brain)
26
Vascular anastomoses are
The interconnections of blood vessels
27
Vascular anastomoses provide
Alternate pathways (collateral channels) to a given body region, common at joins, in abdominal organs, brain and hearr
28
What is an example of an arteriovenous anastomoses?
Vascular shunts
29
Cardiac muscles look like what?
Striated cells that are short, fat, branched and interconnected
30
In which muscle cell are the T-tubules wide but less numerous? SR is also very simple
Cardiac muscle.
31
Numerous mitochondria per cell can be found in which muscle cell?
Cardiac muscle
32
What are intercalated discs and where are they?
Found in muscle cells, they are the junctions between cells that anchor cardiac cells
33
Desmosomes prevent
Prevent cells from separating during contraction
34
Gap junctions in cardiac muscle allow
Allow ions to pass, electrically couple adjacent cells
35
True or false: the heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium
True
36
What is blood?
A fluid connective tissue
37
What is blood composed of
Plasma | Formed elements such as: erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets
38
Hematocrit is what?
The percent of blood volume that is RBCs (42% in females, 47% in males)
39
When blood is dark red this indicates what?
Blood is oxygen poor. Should look scarlet when oxygen rich
40
True or false: Blood is not more viscous than water
False because: | Higher the hematocrit the more viscous and greater resistance to flow
41
Is blood alkaline or acidic?
Slightly alkaline: pH 7.35-7.45
42
How many litres of blood?
5-6 L for males and 4-5 L for females
43
Functions of blood in distribution and transportation
Carries O2 to body cells, carried metabolic wastes to the lungs and kidneys for elimination. Carries hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
44
Function of blood in regulation
Regulates body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat. Maintains normal pH using buffers
45
Function of blood in protection against blood loss and infection
Plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation to prevent loss of blood Blood Carrie’s antibodies and WBCs which defend against foreign invaders
46
Blood plasma is 90%
Water
47
Proteins found in blood from | Liver
60% albumin 36% globulins 4% fibrinogens
48
Albumins are carriers of
Molecules, hormones, and are the main contributor of colloid osmotic pressure
49
Globulins transport what
Proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat soluble vitamins
50
Fibrinogen helps form
Fibrin bridges between platelets to help clot blood
51
Blood plasma also carries
``` Nitrogenous by products of metabolism such as lactic acid, urea, creatinine. Nutrients Electrolytes Respiratory gases Hormones ```
52
True or false: WBCs aren’t complete cells
False. Only RBCs are incomplete as they have no nuclei or organelles. Platelets are cell fragments
53
How are blood cells made?
Via stem cells in red bone marrow which divide continuously to produce more blood cells
54
Erythrocytes (RBCs) look like
Biconcave discs, no nucleus and essentially no organelles.
55
Erythrocytes are filled with
Haemoglobin for gas transport.
56
What is a major contributor to blood viscosity?
Erythrocytes RBCs
57
Red blood cells generate ATP via
Anaerobic mechanisms
58
True or false: RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
True and the haemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen.
59
Haemoglobin structure
Protein globin | Heme pigmen
60
Can an iron atom present in each heme of a Hb bind to more than one O2 molecule?
No. Can only bind to the one
61
How many O2 molecules can a Hb transport?
4
62
O2 loading in the lungs produces
Oxyhemoglobin
63
O2 unloading in the tissues produces
Deoxyhemoglobin or reduced Haemoglobin
64
CO2 loading in the tissues produces
Carbaminohemoglobin
65
Haematopoiesis is the process of
Blood cell formation
66
Harmatopoiesis occurs in
Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
67
Hemocytoblasts are what
Haematopoietic stem cells and give rise to all formed elements.
68
Erythropoiesis is the production of
Red blood cells
69
Tissue hypoxia occurs because
Too few RBCs
70
An increase in blood viscosity occurs when
Too many RBCs present
71
Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on
Hormonal controls | Adequate supplies of iron
72
Erythropoietin (EPO) hormone is the
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis. This hormone is Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia
73
Hypoxia is caused by
Hemorrhage (bleeding) Insufficient Haemoglobin (iron deficiency) Reduced availability of O2
74
Effects of EPO (erythropoietin
More rapid maturation of commuted bone marrow cells and increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1-2 days.
75
Testosterone enhances which RBCs hormone regulator
EPO- erythropoietin
76
What happens to erythrocytes after 100-120 days?
The RBCs become old and fragile and Hb begins to degenerate inside them. Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in spleen
77
How are macrophages produced?
Circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream to enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages

anatomy and physiology (11 decks)

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