skeletal system Flashcards
functions of the skeletal system
support and protection, body movement, produce blood cells, strorage of minerals and fats
axial skeleton
supports upright position and protects internal organs
how many bones in axial?
80 bones
skull, vertebrate, ribe cage, sternum
appendicular skeleton
portion of skeleton of vertebrates made up of bones that support
appendages
limbs
how many bones in appendicular skeleton?
126
arms, legs, feet
how many total bones in body
206
what are the 5 classifications
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
long bones
cylinder shaped longer than wide, gives leverage
ex. femur, tibia, radius
short
cube like shape, equal in width length and thickness
ex carpals and tarsals
flat
thin and curved, points of attachment for muscles
ex sternum, ribs, cranial bones
irregular
complex shape and protects internal organs, vertebrae, facial bones
sesamoid
small and round embedded in tendons
ex patellae
epiphysis
end
diaphysis
shaft
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage, padding
periosteum
membrane that covers entire bone
medullary cavity
hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
red marrow
blood
yellow marrow
fat
compact
wall of diaphysis
spongy
epiphysis- red marrow
Pivot
`Uniaxial joints, allows rotational movement
ex. altantoaxial joint
hinge
uniaxial joint, allows flexion and extension
ex. Knee, elbow
condyloid
biaxial joint, allows flexion/extensions, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
ex. knuckle
saddle
biaxle joint, allows flexion/extensions, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
ex. thumb
plane
multiaxial joint, allows inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
ex. intertarsal joints of foot
ball and socket
multiaxial joint, allows flexion/extensions, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements, and medial/ lateral rotation movements
ex. shoulder and hip
flexion/ extension
take place in sagital plane, involve anterior or posterior movements of the body
flexion is decrease the angle, bending knee up
extension is increase in angle, bending knee straight
adduction/ abduction/ circumduction
condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket joints.
ADDuction moves towards from midline of body
ABDuction moves away from the midline
circumduction movement of a body region in a circular manner
Rotation
can occur in vertebral column
medial/lateral
medial(internal rotation)- movement that brings anterior surface of limb towards the midline of the body
Lateral(external) rotation- rotation so that anterior surfaces moves away from midline
supination/pronation
pronation- the motion that forearm is supinated anatomical position to the pronated position.
Supinated- opposite motion. holding soup
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
hinge joint. dorsiflexion if your foot flexing up, plantar is pointing foot to ground
inversion/ eversion
inversion is the turning of the foot to the angle of the bottom of the foot towards the midline.
Eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline
protraction
protraction is sticking jaw forward
retraction is pulling jaw back
depression /elevation
elevation is lifting shoulder up
depression pushing shoulder down
opposition/ reposition
opposition thumb to top of point
reposition is spreading fingers out
how many bones are in the cranium?
22 bones
what is the only moveable bone in the skull?
mandible, lower jaw
what are the five vertebral regions?
from superior to inferior
-seven cervical vertebrae
-12 thoracic curve
-in-vertebral disc
5 lumbar vertebrae
-sacrum coccyx
how many vertebrae in cervical?
7 (C1-C7)
how many vertebrae thoracic?
12 (T1-T12)
how many vertebrae in lumbar?
5 (L1-L5)
scoliosis
is an abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column.
kyphosis
eferred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region
Lordosis
an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy.
what does the thoracic cage protect?
protects heart and lungs
costal cartilage
These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches. Most ribs are then attached, either directly or indirectly, to the sternum via their costal cartilage.
3 types of ribs and how many of each?
true ribs- 1-7
false ribs- 8-12
floating- 11-12
main bones of the pectoral girdle
scapula (shoulder blade),
clavicle(color bone),
humerus
superior bone in arm
ulna
one of the forearm bones , on the pinky side
carpals
wrist, made of 8 small bones
metacarpals
the bones in palm
phalanges
fingers or toe
femur
largest bone, thigh
tibia
one of two long bones on the lower leg, tibia is larger on inside
fibula
the other long bone in lower leg and is outside and smaller
tarsals
most proximal bone in foot
metatarsals
2nd most proximal bones in foot
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
spiral
bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting
comminuted
several breaks results in many small pieces between two large segments
impacted
one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression.
greenstick
a partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
open
a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bones tears through the skin; carries risk of infection
closed
fracture in which skin remains intact
