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PE Paper 1 - Ludlow > Skeletal, Muscules, Respiratory & Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Skeletal, Muscules, Respiratory & Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

In what plane does a bicep curl follow?

A

Sagittal

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2
Q

When throwing a discuss, through which plane does your arm move?

A

Transverse

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3
Q

Name the two main sections of the skeleton

A

Axial & Appendicular

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
PASSS
Protection
Attachment of skeletal muscle
Support
Source of red blood cell production
Store of minerals
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5
Q

Abduction and adduction at the shoulder - what plane?

A

Frontal

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6
Q

Define origin of a muscle

A

Point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction

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7
Q

Define insertion of a muscle

A

Point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction

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8
Q

Define agonist

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint, also known as the prime mover

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9
Q

Define antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist, providing resistance for coordinated movement

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10
Q

Define fixator

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body whilst another causes movement

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11
Q

Name the 6 synovial joints

A 
Gliding
Ball & Socket
Saddle
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
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12
Q

The motor neurone and it’s muscle fibres are called…

A

a Motor unit

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13
Q

What is action potential?

A

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

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14
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

gap between motor end plates and muscle fibres

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15
Q

What is Acetylcholine (Ach)?

A

the neurotransmitter secreted into synaptic cleft

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16
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

required to allow action potential to cross the synaptic cleft

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17
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

When stimulated, all of the fibres will contract or none at all depending on whether the charge threshold has been reached

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18
Q

Name the three types of muscle fibre

A 
Slow oxidative (SO or Type 1)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG or Type 2a)
Fast glycolytic	 (FG or Type 2b)
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19
Q

What is the circuit that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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20
Q

What is the circuit that carries oxygenated blood to the lungs and deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Systemic Circuit

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21
Q

Explain the cardiac conduction system

A
  1. The cardiac impulse is initiated in the SA node
  2. The impulse travels through the atria walls causing both atria to contract
  3. The impulse reaches and activates the AV node
  4. This impulse then passes down to the Bundle of His in the septum
  5. The Bundle of His splits the impulse left and right
  6. The impulse reaches the Purkinje fibres which causes the ventricles to contract
22
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole:

  1. As the atria, then the ventricles relax, they expand, drawing blood into the atria
  2. The pressure in the atria increases, opening the AV valves
  3. Blood passively enters the ventricles
  4. SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart
          Atria systole:
  5. The atria contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ventricles
         Ventricular systole
  6. The ventricles contract, increasing the pressure and closing the AV valves (to prevent backflow into the atria)
  7. SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into the arteries
23
Q

Average max heart rate =

A

220 - age

24
Q

Average stroke volume (SV) =

A

70ml

25
Q

Stroke volume is…

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

26
Q

Average cardiac output (Q) =

A

5 l/min

27
Q

Cardiac output is…

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

28
Q

Explain Starling’s law

A

Shows how stroke volume is dependent on venous return.

Increased volume of blood returning to the heart leads to increased end diastolic volume in the ventricles

29
Q

Why does Stroke Volume (SV) plateau during sub-maximal intensity?

A

Increased heart rate does not allow enough time for the ventricles to completely fill with blood in the diastolic phase

30
Q

Where would you find the CCC, VCC and the RCC?

A

Medulla Oblongata

31
Q

What mechanism is used to redistribute blood to the working muscles during exercise?

A

Vascular shunt mechanism. Arterioles constrict or dilate to redistribute blood where it is required

32
Q

What mechanism is used to get deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Venous return mechanism.

Now explain this using the following terms;

  • Pocket Valve
  • Smooth muscles
  • Muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
33
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in chemicals, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid (pH changes)

34
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

Changes in pressure e.g. on the arterial walls

35
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in temperature

36
Q

What are the two ways oxygen can be transported in the blood?

A

Haemoglobin (97%)

Plasma (3%)

37
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

A

Dissolved in water as carbonic acid (70%)
Carbaminohaemoglobin (23%)
Dissolved in blood plasma (7%)

38
Q

Average breathing rate (f) =

A

12-15 per minute

39
Q

Average tidal volume (TV) =

A

500ml

40
Q

Average minute ventilation (VE) =

A

6 - 7.5 l/min

41
Q

Respiratory muscles used at rest…

A

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

42
Q

Respiratory muscles used during exercise…

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (inhalation)
Pectoralis minor (inhalation)
Internal intercostal muscles (expiration)
Rectus abdominis (expiration)
43
Q

Where is the internal site for gaseous exchange?

A

Muscles

44
Q

Where is the external site for gaseous exchange?

A

Alveoli

45
Q

Explain gaseous exchange at the alveoli

A

(see book)

Key words:
Concentration/ diffusion gradient
Partial pressures of oxygen & carbon dioxide
Capillaries
Alveoli
One cell thick wall
46
Q

Sketch an oxygen dissociation curve at rest and one during exercise. What term explains the movement of the curve and what are the three main factors influencing the curve movement?

A

Bohr Shift

Increased temperature
Increased production of carbon dioxide
Decreased pH (due to lactic acid)

47
Q

What is the heart rates response to exercise?

A

Anticipatory rise prior to exercise due to adrenaline release

Rapid increase at the start of exercise to increase blood flow & O2 delivery in line with intensity

Initial rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered & the cardiac muscle action reduces

A more gradual decrease in HR to resting levels

48
Q

Define sub-maximal exercise

A

Exercise at low-to-moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity or below the anaerobic threshold.

49
Q

Define maximal exercise

A

Exercise at high intensity above the performers aerobic capacity, which will take a performer to exhaustion.

50
Q

Average resting heart rate =

A

72 bpm

PE Paper 1 - Ludlow (13 decks)

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