Skeletal, Muscules, Respiratory & Cardiovascular Flashcards
In what plane does a bicep curl follow?
Sagittal
When throwing a discuss, through which plane does your arm move?
Transverse
Name the two main sections of the skeleton
Axial & Appendicular
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
PASSS Protection Attachment of skeletal muscle Support Source of red blood cell production Store of minerals
Abduction and adduction at the shoulder - what plane?
Frontal
Define origin of a muscle
Point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction
Define insertion of a muscle
Point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction
Define agonist
A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint, also known as the prime mover
Define antagonist
A muscle that opposes the agonist, providing resistance for coordinated movement
Define fixator
A muscle that stabilises one part of the body whilst another causes movement
Name the 6 synovial joints
Gliding Ball & Socket Saddle Hinge Pivot Condyloid
The motor neurone and it’s muscle fibres are called…
a Motor unit
What is action potential?
positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
What is the synaptic cleft?
gap between motor end plates and muscle fibres
What is Acetylcholine (Ach)?
the neurotransmitter secreted into synaptic cleft
What is a neurotransmitter?
required to allow action potential to cross the synaptic cleft
What is the all or none law?
When stimulated, all of the fibres will contract or none at all depending on whether the charge threshold has been reached
Name the three types of muscle fibre
Slow oxidative (SO or Type 1) Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG or Type 2a) Fast glycolytic (FG or Type 2b)
What is the circuit that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart?
Pulmonary Circuit
What is the circuit that carries oxygenated blood to the lungs and deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
Systemic Circuit
Explain the cardiac conduction system
- The cardiac impulse is initiated in the SA node
- The impulse travels through the atria walls causing both atria to contract
- The impulse reaches and activates the AV node
- This impulse then passes down to the Bundle of His in the septum
- The Bundle of His splits the impulse left and right
- The impulse reaches the Purkinje fibres which causes the ventricles to contract
Explain the cardiac cycle
Diastole:
- As the atria, then the ventricles relax, they expand, drawing blood into the atria
- The pressure in the atria increases, opening the AV valves
- Blood passively enters the ventricles
- SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart
Atria systole:
- The atria contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ventricles
Ventricular systole
- The ventricles contract, increasing the pressure and closing the AV valves (to prevent backflow into the atria)
- SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into the arteries
Average max heart rate =
220 - age
Average stroke volume (SV) =
70ml
Stroke volume is…
Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
Average cardiac output (Q) =
5 l/min
Cardiac output is…
volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
Explain Starling’s law
Shows how stroke volume is dependent on venous return.
Increased volume of blood returning to the heart leads to increased end diastolic volume in the ventricles
Why does Stroke Volume (SV) plateau during sub-maximal intensity?
Increased heart rate does not allow enough time for the ventricles to completely fill with blood in the diastolic phase
Where would you find the CCC, VCC and the RCC?
Medulla Oblongata
What mechanism is used to redistribute blood to the working muscles during exercise?
Vascular shunt mechanism. Arterioles constrict or dilate to redistribute blood where it is required
What mechanism is used to get deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
Venous return mechanism.
Now explain this using the following terms;
- Pocket Valve
- Smooth muscles
- Muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
What do chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in chemicals, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid (pH changes)
What do baroreceptors detect?
Changes in pressure e.g. on the arterial walls
What do thermoreceptors detect?
Changes in temperature
What are the two ways oxygen can be transported in the blood?
Haemoglobin (97%)
Plasma (3%)
How is carbon dioxide transported?
Dissolved in water as carbonic acid (70%)
Carbaminohaemoglobin (23%)
Dissolved in blood plasma (7%)
Average breathing rate (f) =
12-15 per minute
Average tidal volume (TV) =
500ml
Average minute ventilation (VE) =
6 - 7.5 l/min
Respiratory muscles used at rest…
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Respiratory muscles used during exercise…
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Sternocleidomastoid (inhalation) Pectoralis minor (inhalation)
Internal intercostal muscles (expiration) Rectus abdominis (expiration)
Where is the internal site for gaseous exchange?
Muscles
Where is the external site for gaseous exchange?
Alveoli
Explain gaseous exchange at the alveoli
(see book)
Key words: Concentration/ diffusion gradient Partial pressures of oxygen & carbon dioxide Capillaries Alveoli One cell thick wall
Sketch an oxygen dissociation curve at rest and one during exercise. What term explains the movement of the curve and what are the three main factors influencing the curve movement?
Bohr Shift
Increased temperature
Increased production of carbon dioxide
Decreased pH (due to lactic acid)
What is the heart rates response to exercise?
Anticipatory rise prior to exercise due to adrenaline release
Rapid increase at the start of exercise to increase blood flow & O2 delivery in line with intensity
Initial rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered & the cardiac muscle action reduces
A more gradual decrease in HR to resting levels
Define sub-maximal exercise
Exercise at low-to-moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity or below the anaerobic threshold.
Define maximal exercise
Exercise at high intensity above the performers aerobic capacity, which will take a performer to exhaustion.
Average resting heart rate =
72 bpm
