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A. White- Human Physiology > Skeletal muscle contraction > Flashcards

Skeletal muscle contraction Flashcards

1
Q

A muscle is made up of what?

A

Made up of multiple fassicles

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2
Q

What is perimysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding an individual fascicle.

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3
Q

What is Endomysium?

A

The delicate connective tissue around each myofiber.

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4
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A bundle of myofibers

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5
Q

What is the Sarcolemma (Plasmalemma)?

A

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber

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6
Q

What is a myofiber (muscle cell)?

A

An individual multi-nucleated muscle cell

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7
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

A chain of sarcomeres within a myofiber

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8
Q

What is a myofilament?

A

The actin and myosin filaments that make up a sarcomere. These are the contractile fibers.

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9
Q

List the characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers.

A

These are WHITE fibers
- Contract rapidly and have less endurance
-Few mitochondria
Primarily use anaerobic respiration, resulting in the buildup of pyruvic and lactic acids
- Little myoglobin
- Large concentration of ATPase

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10
Q

List the characteristics of slow twitch fibers.

A

These are RED fibers.

  • contract slowly, but have lots of endurance (fatigue resistant)
  • lots of mitochondria
  • Primarily use aerobic respiration
  • Lots of myoglobin (reason why they are red)
  • Small concentration of ATPase
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11
Q

What is the function of ATPase?

A

Cleave the phosphate groups from ATP

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12
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A neuron (single nerve cell) and all of the myofibers it innervates

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13
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a chain of sarcomeres?

A. Muscle.
B. Myofiber
C. Myofibril
D. Myofilament

A

C. Myofibril

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14
Q

Which of the following sarcomeric bands does not undergo a change in length during concentration of skeletal muscle?

A. A-band
B. H-band
C. I-band
D. J-band

A

A. A-band

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15
Q

Which of the following sarcomeric bands is composed completely of actin filaments?

A. A-band
B. H-band
C. I-band
D. J-band

A

C. I-band

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16
Q

Dihyropyridine (DHP) channels are part of which of the following structures?

A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. Plasmalemma
C. T-tubules
D. Z-discs

A

C. T-tubules

17
Q

Ryanodine-sensitive calcium ion release channels are part of which of following structures?

A. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
B. Plasmalemma
C. T-tubules
D. Z-discs

A

A. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

18
Q

Which of the following represents the facto by which the concentration of calcium ions increases in the cytosol after the release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A. 10
B. 50
C. 100
D. 1000

A

C. 100

19
Q

Which of the following maintains an optimum calcium concentration gradient to facilitate return of calcium to the SR?

A. Calsequestrin
B. SERCA
C. DHP
D. Ryanodine

A

A. Calsequestrin

20
Q

Fast twitch fibers have which of the following characteristics?

A. They are reddish in color compared to slow twitch fibers
B. They have more mitochondria than slow twitch fibers
C. They have more myoglobin than slow twitch fibers
D. They are more fatiguable than slow twitch fibers

A

D. They are more fatiguable than slow twitch fibers

21
Q

Which of the following represents an example of an eccentric contraction?

A. The triceps muscle during the throwing of a ball
B. The triceps muscle while raising the body from the floor during a push
C. The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push-up
D. The biceps muscle while raising the body during a pull-up

A

C. The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push-up

22
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

The activation of additional motor units to accomplish an increase in contractile strength in a muscle.

23
Q

What is summation?

A

The adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of over muscle contraction.

24
Q

What is multiple fiber summation?

A

Summation by increasing the number of motor units contracting simultaneously.

25
Q

What is frequency summation?

A

Summation by increasing the frequency of contraction.

26
Q

Why does tetany/ tetanization occur?

A

Tetany/ tetanization occurs because enough calcium ions are maintained in the muscle sarcoplasm, even between action potentials, so that the full contractile state is sustained without allowing any relaxation between the action potentials. Occurs during frequency summation

27
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction in which the muscle does not shorten. Usually results form an increase in tension

28
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

contraction in which the muscle shortens against a fixed load (constant tension).

29
Q

Eccentric

A

Isotonic contraction which occurs when the muscle lengthens

30
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Isotonic contraction which occurs when the muscle shortens.

31
Q

List the 3 ways that ATP is used during a muscle contraction. Which one requires the most ATP utilization?

A
  1. sliding filament mechanism
  2. Pumping calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the SR
  3. Pumping sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions through the sarcolemma to reestablish the resting potential

The sliding filament uses most of the ATP during muscle contractions

32
Q

what is epimysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

33
Q

What are T-tubules?

A

> invaginations of the sarcolemma

> lie close to the cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum

> forms triads with cisternae

> two per sarcomere

34
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

> endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell

35
Q

Z discs?

A

> anchor actin filaments

> located at each end of a sarcomere

36
Q

I bands?

A

> composed entirely of actin

> width changes during contraction

37
Q

A bands?

A

> composed of actin AND myosin

> width does not change during contraction

38
Q

H bands

A

> composed entirely of myosin

> width changes during contraction

39
Q

During contraction, Actin filaments do what?

A

> form the I bands which become narrower in width

A. White- Human Physiology (32 decks)

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