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A. White- Human Physiology > Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles are expiratory?

A

abdominal muscles

Internal intercostalis

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2
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum volume of gas the lungs can hold.

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3
Q

What are lung volumes?

A

distinct, non-overlapping sub-compartments that make up the total lung capacity.

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4
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest.

500 mL

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5
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration.

3000 mL.

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6
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration.

1100 mL

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7
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration.

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8
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled (inspiration to the maximum extent plus expiration to the maximum extent).

4600 mL

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9
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The sum of all the volumes of air. It is vital capacity plus residual volume.

5800 mL

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10
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

The sum of all volumes above resting capacity. It is the tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume.

3500 mL.

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11
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The sum of volumes below resting capacity. It is expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.

2300 mL

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12
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total volume of gases moved into or out of the lungs per minute.

= (breaths per minute) x (tidal volume)

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13
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Total voume of gases that enter spaces participating in gas exchange per minute.

= (breaths per minute) x (Tidal volume - dead space)

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14
Q

Where is the anatomic dead space?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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15
Q

What is the physiological dead space?

A

anatomic dead space + ventilated alveoli with poor or absent perfusion.

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16
Q

What is the total dead space in a normal individual?

A

.15 L

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17
Q

What is the tidal volume in a normal individual?

A

0.5 L.

18
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

0.5 x breathing rate

19
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

0.35 x breathing rate

(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing rate

20
Q

What are two observations about dead space?

A

It does not participate in ventilation and contains neglibile CO2.

Amount of CO2 in regions of lungs involved in gas exchange = that of arterial blood (PaCO2).

21
Q

Why does the amount of carbon dioxide originating from regions of the lungs equal that of arterial blood?

A

Blood gases equilibrate with alveolar gases during transit through the pulmonary circulation.

22
Q

What is the formula for dead space?

A

Vd = Vtot x (PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2

23
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

Pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.

24
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

Pressure of the air inside the alveoli.

25
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Difference between the alveolar pressure and pleural pressure.

26
Q

How is transpulmonary pressure calculated?

A

Difference in pressure between pleural and alveolar pressures during any point in the inspiration or expiration cycle.

27
Q

What is the definition of compliance?

A

The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure.

28
Q

What is alveolar pressure?

A

pressure of the air inside the alveoli

29
Q

What is pleural pressure?

A

The pressure of the fluid in the space between the plerural and parietal pleura.

30
Q

What is the relationship between compliance and elastance?

A

Compliance and elastance are inversely proportional.

31
Q

How is pressure related to alveolar surface tension?

A

In the absence of surface tension, pressure changes slightly and the lungs can be expanded.

32
Q

How is pressure related to the alveolar radius?

A

Negative pressure increases the alveolar radius.

33
Q

Why does a lung filled with saline expand easier than a lung filled with air?

A

There is less surface tension in the saline-filled lung.

34
Q

What is the formula for compliance?

A

increase in volume/increase in pressure

35
Q

What is surfactant produced by?

A

type II alveolar clls.

36
Q

What happens if air passages leading from the alveoli are blocked, what happens?

A

The surface tension in the alveoli collapses the alveoli.

This creates positive pressure in the alveoli.

37
Q

What is the pressure in the alveoli?

A

Pressure = 2 x surface tension / radius of alveolus

38
Q

What would happen if there were no surfactant?

A

The pressure would calculate to about 18 cm of water pressure; about 4.5 times as great.

39
Q

What muscles are inspiratory?

A

Respiratory diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

Sternomasatoids

Serratus anterior muscles

Scalene muscles

40
Q

What muscles are inspiratory muscles?

A 
> diaphragm
> external intercostal muscles (limited)
> sternomastoids
> serratus anterior muscles
> scales muscles
41
Q

The combination of lung volumes form what?

A

> they form lung capacities

42
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A

(Breaths per minute) x ( Tidal volume - Dead space)

A. White- Human Physiology (32 decks)

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