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A. White- Human Physiology > Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the pontine respiratory centers located?

A

In the pons.

It includes:
Apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

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2
Q

Which respiratory center establishes the ramp signal?

A

The dorsal respiratory group.

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3
Q

Where are the medullary respiratory centers, and what groups do they contain?

A

They are located in the reticular formation of the medulla. They include:

dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group.

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4
Q

What is the usual method for controlling respiration?

A

It is controlled by PRG signals.

The earlier the ramp ceases, the shorter the duration of inspiration and expiration.

A strong PRG signal results in 30 - 40 breaths/minute

A weak PRG signal results in 3 - 5 breaths/minute

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5
Q

What is the function of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

A

It is a protective mechanisms to prevent excess inflation of the lungs.

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6
Q

Where does the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex begin?

A

With stretch receptors in the muscular portions of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles.

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7
Q

What is apneusis?

A

The failure to turn off inspiration.

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8
Q

The loss of function of what respiratory group causes apneusis?

A

pontine respiratory group.

Loss of function causes prolonged insupratory gasping.

Normal function may be to limit lung expansion.

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9
Q

What is chemosensitivity?

A

A sensitivity to an increase in carbon dioxide levels or a decrease in oxygen levels, which causes decreasted neural activity.

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10
Q

How do the responses of chemoreceptors to hypercapnia or hypoxia differ from responses to these factors by most neurons?

A

Chemoreceptors increase their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur.

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11
Q

What are the functions of central chemoreceptors?

A

They are sensitive to [H+], and are indirectly sensitive to carbon dioxide levels in blood (based on pH).

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12
Q

What are the functions of peripheral receptors?

A

They are sensitive to concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide an dhydrogen ions.

They include receptors in the aortic arch and carotid body receptors.

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13
Q

Are peripheral receptors more sensitive to changes in oxygen in the blood or to changes in plasma concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions?

A

more sensitive to changes in oxygen in the blood.

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14
Q

Where are most peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

in the carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotids.

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15
Q

Where are some peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

In the aortic arch

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16
Q

What are the two types of carotid body cells (peripheral chemoreceptors)?

A

type I (glomus cells)

type II (sustenacular cells)

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17
Q

What are glomus cells?

A

They are type I glomus carotid body cells. They have chemosensors and have phosphate-dependent K+ channels that result in an K+ efflux when PO2 is high.

This allows for Ca channels to open, and hence neurotransmitter release.

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18
Q

What are type II carotid body cells?

A

They are sustenacular cells that play a support role similar to glial cells.

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19
Q

What are the steps of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

A

Stretch receptors in muscular portions of walls of bronchi and bronchioles receive signals

Dorsal respiratory group neurons receive signals

Inspiratory ramp is inactivated.

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20
Q

What region generates the timing (frequency) of the respiratory rhythm?

A

Pre-Botzinger complex.

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21
Q

Where is the ventral respiratory group located?

A

In the ventrolateral portion of the medulla.

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22
Q

The rostral jpart of the ventral respiratory group is associated with what complex?

A

The Botzinger complex.

23
Q

What is the intermediate part of the ventral respiratory group associated with?

A

The dilation of the upper airway during inspiration.

24
Q

The neurons of what respiratory group are almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration?

A

ventral respiratory group.

These neurons do not participate in the basing rhythmical oscillation that controls respiration.

25
Q

What two respiratory centers are located int he pons?

A

Apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

26
Q

Inspiratory and expiration neurons from the VRG act on what other type of neurons?

A

spinal motor neurons

27
Q

Where are DRG neurons found?

A

The medulla.

28
Q

Heightened sensitivity to increased levels of carbon dioxide lasts for several hours, but then begins to decline. Whey does this decline occur?

A

Due to adjustments made by the kidney (they increase bicarbonate levels).

29
Q

What two groups act on the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Carotid body receptors

Aortic bodies

30
Q

What nerve connects the carotid body receptors to the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Hering Nerves and CN IX

31
Q

What nerve connects the aoetic bodies and the dorsal respiratory group?

A

CN X

32
Q

Chemoreceptors are exposed to PO2 of what type of blood?

A

arterial blood

33
Q

What are the functions of PCO2 and H+?

A

Regulating ventilation

34
Q

Where are slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?

A

Within the airways of the lungs.

35
Q

What is the function of slow-adapting receptors?

A

They are sensitive to stretch of airways. Signals from the receptors terminate inspiration and prolong expiration.

They are important in controlling respiration in infants and adults during exercise.

36
Q

What is the effect of slow-adapting pulonary stretch receptors?

A

Terminate inspiration

Prolong expiration

37
Q

Where are rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?

A

Within the airways of the lungs.

38
Q

What are rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors sensitive to?

A

irritation, foreign bodies in the airway, and stretch.

39
Q

What is the effect of rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

Production of a cough.

The receptors override normal respiratory control mechanisms.

40
Q

Where are J receptors located?

A

in the alveolar wall in juxtaposition to pulmonary capillaries.

41
Q

What are J receptors sensitive to?

A

pulmonary edema (congestive heart failure)

42
Q

What are the effects of J receptors?

A

cough

Tachpnea

These reflexes override normal respiratory control mechanisms.

43
Q

What is Cheyne-Stoke breathing?

A

A cycle in which hyperpnea occurs (elimination of too much carbon dioxide).

44
Q

If too much carbon dioxide is eliminated, what effect does this have on blood oxygen level?

A

Blood oxygen level increases

45
Q

If there is too high of a level of oxygen in the blood, how does this affect transportation of changed pulmonary blood?

A

There is a delay in transportation of changed pulmonary blood to reach brain.

46
Q

If there is a delay in transportation of changed pulonary blood to reach the brain, how is ventilation affected?

A

There will be continued overventilation.

47
Q

Continued overventilation has what effect on the respiratory center?

A

There will be a decrease in the function of the respiratory center.

48
Q

A decrease in excessive depression of the respiratory center leads to what condition?

A

Apnea

This then becoms hyperpnea

49
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

Abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by a repeeating patter of hypernea (rapid breathing) and a temporary stop (apnea)

50
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

A condition with increasingly deeper and rapid breathing.

51
Q

What is apnea?

A

A temporary stop in breathing.

52
Q

What is central sleep apnea syndrome?

A

A syndrome caused by damage to the central respiratory centers or abnormalities of the respiratory neuromuscular apparatus.

53
Q

What conditions can lead to Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

A long delay in the transport of blood from the lungs to the brain (cardiac failure)

Increased negative feedback (brain damage).

A. White- Human Physiology (32 decks)

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