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Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Functions of the Skeletal Muscle (5)

A
  1. Movement
  2. Support
  3. Posture
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Communication
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2
Q

Skeletal muscles create _____ by ____and ___ on tendons, which are connected to the ____.

A

Movement
movement
contracting
pulling bones

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3
Q

Muscles in the ___ wall support ___ organs and shield ___ from injury.

A

Support
abdominal
visceral
tissues

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4
Q

Muscles also continuously contract to hold the body still and maintain an upright sitting or standing _____.

A

Posture

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle is about ___ % of __ ___, which gives it a ______ effect on body ___.

A 
*Temperature regulation*
40
body mass
disproportionate 
temperature
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6
Q

Facilitates all modes of _____ communication, including ____, ____, ____, ___ ___ and ____.

A 
interpersonal 
speaking 
typing 
writing 
facial expression 
gestures.
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7
Q

Red stands for ?

A

muscle tissue

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8
Q

White stands for?

A

tendons

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9
Q

Muscle is actually composed of not only ___ ___, also __ ___, ___ __ and ___.

A

skeletal muscles
connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves

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10
Q

Skeletal muscles are _____ material; this means that __ ___ are organized wishing cells.

A

hierarchical

molecular motors

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11
Q

Muscles only ?

A

PULL

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12
Q

human body has more than ___ skeletal muscles

A

650

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13
Q

Each muscle is wrapped in a connective tissue layer ___

A

epimysium

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14
Q

Epimysium wraps together a bundle of ____ ___?

A

Muscle Fibers

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15
Q

Each bundle is called a?

A

fascicle

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16
Q

what surrounds the fascicle?

A

endomysium

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17
Q

A fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle.

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

A connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fiber and contains capillaries and nerves

A

Endomysium

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19
Q

A connective tissue sheathe surrounding several muscle fibers.

A

perimysium

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20
Q

A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

A

Tendons

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21
Q

A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones.

A

Periosteum

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22
Q

provide anchorage and support to nerves and blood vessels that innervate and supply energy to the muscle fibers

A

epimysium and perimysium

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23
Q

Main Features of A skeletal Muscle Fiber: (5)

A
  1. Contents
  2. Development
  3. Size and shape
  4. Orientation
  5. Satellite cells
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24
Q

Specialized structures

Ex. sarcoplasm
and Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Contents

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25
Q

when myoblasts fuse to form myocytes

A

Development

Myogenesis

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26
Q

Cylindrical cells, diameter of 10-100 um very long up to 23 inches

A

Size and Shape

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27
Q

Mostly oblique to the muscles axis of force

A

orientation

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28
Q

Regenerative myoblasts that did not fuse during development

A

satellite cells

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29
Q

bundles of contractile proteins

A

myofibrils

30
Q

2 types of myofilaments

A
  1. Actin

2. Myosin

31
Q

thin filament looks like pearls on a string

A

actin

32
Q

thick filaments, looks like double headed golf clubs

A

Myosin

33
Q

Actin comes into dif. Forms:

A

F- actin

G- actin

34
Q

initiates many cellular processes including cell motility and muscle contractions

is a twisted strand of ___.

A

F- actin

G- actin

35
Q

Monomer from which F- actin is produced.

A

G-actin

36
Q

The myosin heads, bind to actin to form a ____

A

cross bridge

37
Q

Actin and myosin are arranged longitudinally in repeating units along the myofibril

A

sarcomeres

38
Q

smallest contractile units of skeletal muscles

repeating units of longitudinally arranged actin and myosin

allow for the sliding filament model of muscle contraction

boundaries formed by z lines

A

sacromere

39
Q
  1. Muscle unit in the ___ sends ___.
  2. ____ travels through the ___ ___ to ___ ___.
  3. Motor action potential stimulated and ____ slides
A 
brain 
impulse
impulse 
spinal cord
motor neuron
sarcomeres
40
Q

it is where the axon terminal of the alpha motor neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber meet

A

Neuromuscular junction

41
Q

Alpha motor neurons release a specific neurotransmitter known as

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

42
Q

is an autoimmune disorder and common neuromuscular disease.

results from antibodies that block or damage nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ

A

myasthenia gravis

43
Q

a single contraction and relaxation cycle within a muscle fiber

A

muscle twitch

44
Q

Action potential depolarizes the sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca 2+

no tension produced yet.

A

Latent Phase

45
Q

Muscle fiber peaks

cross bridges interactions are occurring as actin binding sites are exposed

A

Contraction phase

46
Q

Cat 2+ levels decrease

Binding sites on actin become covered

Number of cross bridges decline

A

relaxation phrase

47
Q

addition of one twitch

A

wave summation

48
Q

is a sustained muscle contraction caused by a motor neuron firing action potentials at a very high rate

A

tetanic contraction

49
Q

Tetanic Contraction can be (2)

A

Fused

Unfused

50
Q

muscles partially relax in between

low rate of stimulation

A

unfused

51
Q

muscles do not relax

high rate of stimulation

A

fused

52
Q

which is the ability of a muscle to maintain a continuous and passive partial contraction.

important for posture, balance and preventing injury

A

Muscle tone

53
Q

Factors affecting Muscle tone: (2)

A

structure of the muscle including its connective tissue and size of the elastin component

active muscle tone

54
Q

describes the link between resting muscle length and tension generation

A

Length- Tension Relationship

55
Q

The sequence of events that converts action potentials in a muscle fiber to a contraction

A

excitation-contraction coupling

56
Q

More ATP is produced than needed

AtP transfers the energy to creatine

A

Resting Muscle

57
Q

Generates ATP from creatine phosphate

ATP is continuously generated at the same rate is used

A

Contracting Muscle

58
Q

Energy source for direct phosphorylation

A

CP

59
Q

Energy source for anaerobic

A

Glucose

60
Q

Energy source for aerobic

A

glucose, pyretic acid
free fatty acids
amino acids

61
Q

RECOVERY (3)

A

Latin acid removal
High Intensity exercise
Muscle soreness

62
Q

lactic acid can be recycled back to pyretic acid

used by mitochondria to generate ATP or rebuild glycogen reserves

Also shutter through blood to liver and back to muscle (cori cycle)

A

Lactic acid removal

63
Q

maintains/ improves muscular strength, endurance, mass, fiber size, metabolic capacity, power, resting metabolic rate, bone mineral density and overall physical function

A

High Intensity exercise

64
Q

usually lasts 3-4 days and is most intense after eccentric contractions

May be caused by very small muscle tears or injury to connective tissues/tendons

Principle of overload: body adapts after rest and becomes stronger

A

Muscle Soreness

65
Q

Features of Muscle aging

A
  1. Muscle fibers get thinner
  2. Muscular strength declines
  3. Muscles get less flexible
  4. Tolerance for exercise decreases
  5. Ability to recover from injuries decrease.
66
Q

Sarcopenia: age-related loss of both muscle fiber size and number of muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers get thinner

67
Q

Muscles contain less ATP, CP and glycogen reserves

Have less strength and endurance, and fatigue more easily

A

Muscular strength declines

68
Q

Fibrosis: age-related development of fibrous tissue, restricting movement and circulation

A

Muscles get less flexible

69
Q

Related to decrease in ability to thermoregulate, and increase in tendency to fatigue

A

Tolerance for exercise decreases

70
Q

Increase in fibrous tissue prevents injured tissue from healing optimally

A

Ability to recover from injuries decreases

Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) (8 decks)

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