Respiratory

Question 1

Structures across which gas exchange occurs

Thin-walled with large lumen

Provide intimate contact between inhaled air and blood in pulmonary capillaries that wrap the alveolar walls

Answer 1

Alveoli

Question 2

Most common cell type

Connected to a thin basement membrane with a pulmonary endothelial cell on the other side (“respiratory membrane”)

Answer 2

Type 1 Alveolar Cell

Question 3

Cuboidal cells; make and secrete surfactant

Answer 3

Type 2 Alveolar Cell

Question 4

Reduces surface tension between water molecules lining inner alveoli surfaces

Answer 4

Surfactant

Question 5

Alveolar macrophages; resident alveolar immune cells

Scavenge microorganisms, other particles

Answer 5

Type 3 Alveolar Cell

Question 6

Deoxygenated blood flow

Answer 6

1. Pulmonary trunk
2. Pulmonary arteries
3. Lobar arteries
4. Capillary beds surrounding alveoli

Question 7

Oxygenated blood flow

Answer 7

1. Venules
2. Small veins
3. Pulmonary veins

Question 8

If the number of gas particles in a given volume ___, pressure ____.

*Boyle’s Law

Answer 8

increases

increases

Question 9

If temperature ___ while all other factors remain the same, pressure ____

Answer 9

increases

increases

Question 10

If the volume ____ while all other factors remain the same, pressure ____.

Answer 10

increases

decreases

Question 11

Respiratory system trying to clear irritants from the airways

Answer 11

Coughing and sneezing

Question 12

Results from deepest possible breath

Answer 12

Yawn

Question 13

Spasm of the diaphragm that causes rapid bursts of air through the vocal cords

Answer 13

Hiccup

Question 14

When emotional states drive the ventilatory pattern

Answer 14

Laughing/crying

Question 15

Attempt to exhale against a closed airway

Answer 15

Valsalva maneuver

Question 16

Occurs between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

Answer 16

External respiration

Question 17

The rate of gas diffusion depends on the ____ ____ of the gas.

Answer 17

solubility coefficient

Question 18

Transports more than 98% of blood’s O2

Answer 18

Hemoglobin

Question 19

Contains 250-300 million hemoglobin molecules

Can carry up to 1.2 billion oxygen molecules

Answer 19

RBC

Question 20

CO2 more readily binds to unoxygenated hemoglobin.

Answer 20

The Haldane effect

Question 21

Removes the end products so the reaction can continue

Answer 21

Chloride shift

Question 22

Chemoreceptors that detect chemicals in blood (e.g., PaCO2, PaO2)

Answer 22

Sensors

Question 23

Respiratory center in brainstem (neurons in medulla oblongata and pons)

Answer 23

Integrators

Question 24

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles that control breathing

Answer 24

Effectors

Question 25

The respiratory center contains ____ ____ with ____ capacities

Answer 25

pattern-generating neurons

intrinsic depolarizing

Question 26

Provides stimulatory inputs to the DRG

Answer 26

Apneustic center

Question 27

Receives input from chemoreceptors in brainstem and lung stretch; impacts VRG

Answer 27

Retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN)

Question 28

Provides inhibitory inputs to the DRG

Answer 28

Pneumatoxic center

Question 29

Responds to blood CO2 and O2 levels; impacts VRG

Answer 29

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Question 30

Also participates in breathing rhythm

Answer 30

Caudal VRG

Question 31

Provides the main stimulus for breathing

Answer 31

Pre-Botzinger area