Blood

Question 1

Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements and heat
92%

Answer 1

Water

Question 2

liquid fraction of blood

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

Plasma is divided into 2

Answer 3

Water

Plasma Proteins

Question 4

More than 90% of plasma volume

Helps blood function as temperature buffer (absorbs heat)

Answer 4

Water

Question 5

Plasma Proteins (4)

Answer 5

Albumin

Globulins

clotting factors

water soluble hormones

Fibrinogen

Regulatory Proteins

Question 6

too large to leave the blood stream, regulates osmolarity and functions as carrier molecules

Answer 6

albumin

Question 7

also function as carrier proteins

Answer 7

globulins

Question 8

essential for clotting

Answer 8

fibrinogen

Question 9

play essential role in blood clotting

Answer 9

clotting factors

Question 10

of white/red blood cells per volume blood analyzed

Answer 10

WBC/RBC

Question 11

mass of hemoglobin found in a given volume of blood

Answer 11

HGB

Question 12

hematocrit

Answer 12

HCT

Question 13

mean corpuscular volume; approximates size of a typical red blood cell

Answer 13

MCV

Question 14

mean cell hemoglobin; average amount of hemoglobin within each red blood cell

Answer 14

MCH

Question 15

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; amount of hemoglobin in a packed volume of cells

Answer 15

MCHC

Question 16

red blood cell distribution width; approximates fluctuation in MCV from cell to cell

Answer 16

RDW

Question 17

of platelets per volume blood analyzed

Answer 17

PLT

Question 18

Biconcave shape allows RBCs to bend, fold and “stack” to prevent blockage in tiny blood vessels

Biconcavity also increases surface area for gas exchange

Anucleate: non-mitotic, carry very little DNA, unable to synthesize proteins

Prone to apoptosis

Answer 18

Erythrocytes Structure Complements Function

Question 19

the process of red blood cell formation

Answer 19

Erythropoiesis

Question 20

Treatment option for blood borne cancers (in combination with chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy)

Answer 20

Bone Marrow Transplant

Question 21

__ ___ is obtained from an anesthetized donor through the ___ ___.

Donor is typically the ____ (__) or ___ ___ (__)

Replenishes blood cells to ___ permanent ____

Answer 21

Bone marrow
Iliac Crest

individual themselves (autograft)

close relative (allograft)

avoid
myoablation

Question 22

EPO

Answer 22

Regulation of Erythropoiesis

Question 23

____ and _____both signal EPO release

EPO drives erythrocytes _____

Answer 23

Hypoxia
Testosterone

Maturation

Question 24

artificially inducing polycythemia by taking testosterone, EPO or highly-packed RBC suspensions

Answer 24

blood doping

Question 25

blood disorders characterized by the body’s failure to supply tissues with adequate O2

Answer 25

anemia

Question 26

the body does not form normal hemoglobin

Answer 26

Sickle cell Anemia

Question 27

reversibly binds to blood gases within erythrocytes

Answer 27

hemoglobin

Question 28

Globular, tetrameric protein formed from 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (adult) or 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains (fetus) Each chain contains a ____ group that binds ____ using ___ ____ is bound to O2 ___ has no O2 bound Binding sites for O2 are ____

Answer 28

hemoglobin heme oxygen iron oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin cooperative

Question 29

Most common heritable blood disorder Single point mutation in beta global gene Passed on as a survival advantage in regions with high rates of malaria Mutation causes mis-folded beta chain, polymerization of hemoglobin and change of the RBC’s shape Sickled RBCs are prone to clogging and have decreased ability to unload O2

Answer 29

Sickle cell anemia

Question 30

___ from Erythrocytes is carefully recycles in the body

Answer 30

Iron

Question 31

1. ___ converted to ___, then ____ 2. ____ transported through plasma to ___ incorporated into ____ 3. In intestine, ____ is converted to _____ and incorporated into ____

Answer 31

*Fate of Heme* heme biliverdin bilirubin Bilirubin liver bile Bilirubin stercobilin feces

Question 32

____is bound to _____, then transported to bone marrow for _____

Answer 32

Iron transferrin erythropoiesis

Question 33

Leukocytes (2) types

Answer 33

1. Granulocytes | 2. Agranulocytes

Question 34

Granulocytes (3)

Answer 34

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Question 35

Agranulocytes (2)

Answer 35

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 36

____, have membrane-bound ___ do not contain ____. Move through ____ Move in response to chemical signals (___) Form ____bonds to ___ vessels using ____ receptors (___) Can slip between endothelial cells (___)

Answer 36

*Characteristics of Leukocytes* Nucleated organelles hemoglobin amoeboid motion Chemotaxis transient blood adhesion margination diapedesis

Question 37

Large and polymorphonuclear Light purple when stained and viewed under microscope Efficient killers of bacteria Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, defensins (antimicrobial peptides) and lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall)

Answer 37

neutrophils

Question 38

Large with bi-lobed nuclei; stain bright red with acidic dye eosin Secrete four distinct cationic proteins that exert a range of effects Combat multicellular parasites (e.g., flatworms) Also contribute to allergies/asthma

Answer 38

Eosinophils

Question 39

Have bi-lobed nuclei; stain dark blue with basic dyes Granules contain histamine, serotonin, heparin and prostaglandins Play a supporting role at sites of infection Also contribute to allergies and anaphylaxis

Answer 39

Basophils

Question 40

Smallest leukocyte; have single nucleus Stain dark blue and purple ______ responsible for producing antibodies _____ defend against abnormal, cancerous or virus-infected cells

Answer 40

Lymphocytes B-Lymphocytes T- Lymphocytes

Question 41

Largest leukocyte; have U-shaped nucleus and stain dark blue and purple Exit circulation and transform into macrophages, which engulf foreign invaders by phagocytosis Can be grouped into inflammatory macrophages or non-inflammatory macrophages

Answer 41

Monocytes

Question 42

Kissing disease Infection: most likely Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Virus is transmitted through saliva, semen and blood Flu-like symptoms Virus causes T cells to enlarge as they fight infected cells, resembling monocytes Treatment: None- usually clears up in a few weeks

Answer 42

Mononucleosis

Question 43

determined by carbohydrate markers on plasma membrane of erythrocytes

Answer 43

blood type

Question 44

positive” blood type

Answer 44

presence of Rhesus factor

Question 45

“negative” blood type

Answer 45

Absence of Rhesus factor

Question 46

universal recipient

Answer 46

AB

Question 47

universal donor

Answer 47

O

Question 48

the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly

Answer 48

Leukemia

Question 49

Attack of fetal RBCs by maternal immune system leading to miscarriage Fetus is Rh+ while mother is Rh- First pregnancy sensitizes mother, so anti-Rh antibodies are present for second pregnancy Anti-Rh antibodies are small enough to cross the placental barrier

Answer 49

Hemolytic Disease of the NewBorn

Question 50

the process of stoping blood loss

Answer 50

hemostasis

Question 51

Hemostasis (4)

Answer 51

1. Vascular Spasm Phase 2. Platelet Phase 3. Coagulation Phase 4. Clot Retraction

Question 52

Immediately after a vessel is damaged, smooth muscle constricts to limit blood flow. Initiated by endothelin, tissue factor and ADP.

Answer 52

Vascular Spasm Phase

Question 53

Platelets arrive at the site of damage and adhere to sticky endothelium. Release chemical messengers thromboxane A2, ADP, Ca2+ ions and clotting factors. Form platelet plug. Promote wound healing.

Answer 53

Platelet Phase

Question 54

Reinforcement of platelet plug by web-like protein mesh formed by fibrin.

Answer 54

Coagulation Phase

Question 55

Platelets contract to make the clot more compact and pull wound edges closer together.

Answer 55

Clot Retraction