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Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements and heat
92%

A

Water

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2
Q

liquid fraction of blood

A

plasma

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3
Q

Plasma is divided into 2

A

Water

Plasma Proteins

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4
Q

More than 90% of plasma volume

Helps blood function as temperature buffer (absorbs heat)

A

Water

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5
Q

Plasma Proteins (4)

A

Albumin

Globulins

clotting factors

water soluble hormones

Fibrinogen

Regulatory Proteins

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6
Q

too large to leave the blood stream, regulates osmolarity and functions as carrier molecules

A

albumin

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7
Q

also function as carrier proteins

A

globulins

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8
Q

essential for clotting

A

fibrinogen

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9
Q

play essential role in blood clotting

A

clotting factors

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10
Q

of white/red blood cells per volume blood analyzed

A

WBC/RBC

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11
Q

mass of hemoglobin found in a given volume of blood

A

HGB

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12
Q

hematocrit

A

HCT

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13
Q

mean corpuscular volume; approximates size of a typical red blood cell

A

MCV

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14
Q

mean cell hemoglobin; average amount of hemoglobin within each red blood cell

A

MCH

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15
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; amount of hemoglobin in a packed volume of cells

A

MCHC

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16
Q

red blood cell distribution width; approximates fluctuation in MCV from cell to cell

A

RDW

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17
Q

of platelets per volume blood analyzed

A

PLT

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18
Q

Biconcave shape allows RBCs to bend, fold and “stack” to prevent blockage in tiny blood vessels

Biconcavity also increases surface area for gas exchange

Anucleate: non-mitotic, carry very little DNA, unable to synthesize proteins

Prone to apoptosis

A

Erythrocytes Structure Complements Function

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19
Q

the process of red blood cell formation

A

Erythropoiesis

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20
Q

Treatment option for blood borne cancers (in combination with chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy)

A

Bone Marrow Transplant

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21
Q

__ ___ is obtained from an anesthetized donor through the ___ ___.

Donor is typically the ____ (__) or ___ ___ (__)

Replenishes blood cells to ___ permanent ____

A

Bone marrow
Iliac Crest

individual themselves (autograft)

close relative (allograft)

avoid
myoablation

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22
Q

EPO

A

Regulation of Erythropoiesis

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23
Q

____ and _____both signal EPO release

EPO drives erythrocytes _____

A

Hypoxia
Testosterone

Maturation

24
Q

artificially inducing polycythemia by taking testosterone, EPO or highly-packed RBC suspensions

A

blood doping

25
Q

blood disorders characterized by the body’s failure to supply tissues with adequate O2

A

anemia

26
Q

the body does not form normal hemoglobin

A

Sickle cell Anemia

27
Q

reversibly binds to blood gases within erythrocytes

A

hemoglobin

28
Q

Globular, tetrameric protein formed from 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (adult) or 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains (fetus)

Each chain contains a ____ group that binds ____ using ___

____ is bound to O2

___ has no O2 bound

Binding sites for O2 are ____

A

hemoglobin

heme
oxygen
iron

oxyhemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin

cooperative

29
Q

Most common heritable blood disorder

Single point mutation in beta global gene

Passed on as a survival advantage in regions with high rates of malaria

Mutation causes mis-folded beta chain, polymerization of hemoglobin and change of the RBC’s shape

Sickled RBCs are prone to clogging and have decreased ability to unload O2

A

Sickle cell anemia

30
Q

___ from Erythrocytes is carefully recycles in the body

A

Iron

31
Q
  1. ___ converted to ___, then ____
  2. ____ transported through plasma to ___ incorporated into ____
  3. In intestine, ____ is converted to _____ and incorporated into ____
A

Fate of Heme
heme
biliverdin
bilirubin

Bilirubin
liver
bile

Bilirubin
stercobilin
feces

32
Q

____is bound to _____, then transported to bone marrow for _____

A

Iron
transferrin
erythropoiesis

33
Q

Leukocytes (2) types

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

34
Q

Granulocytes (3)

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

35
Q

Agranulocytes (2)

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

36
Q

____, have membrane-bound ___ do not contain ____.

Move through ____

Move in response to chemical signals (___)

Form ____bonds to ___ vessels using ____ receptors (___)

Can slip between endothelial cells (___)

A

Characteristics of Leukocytes

Nucleated
organelles
hemoglobin

amoeboid motion

Chemotaxis

transient
blood
adhesion
margination

diapedesis

37
Q

Large and polymorphonuclear

Light purple when stained and viewed under microscope

Efficient killers of bacteria
Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, defensins (antimicrobial peptides) and lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall)

A

neutrophils

38
Q

Large with bi-lobed nuclei; stain bright red with acidic dye eosin

Secrete four distinct cationic proteins that exert a range of effects

Combat multicellular parasites (e.g., flatworms)

Also contribute to allergies/asthma

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

Have bi-lobed nuclei; stain dark blue with basic dyes

Granules contain histamine, serotonin, heparin and prostaglandins

Play a supporting role at sites of infection

Also contribute to allergies and anaphylaxis

A

Basophils

40
Q

Smallest leukocyte; have single nucleus

Stain dark blue and purple

______ responsible for producing antibodies

_____ defend against abnormal, cancerous or virus-infected cells

A

Lymphocytes

B-Lymphocytes
T- Lymphocytes

41
Q

Largest leukocyte; have U-shaped nucleus and stain dark blue and purple

Exit circulation and transform into macrophages, which engulf foreign invaders by phagocytosis

Can be grouped into inflammatory macrophages or non-inflammatory macrophages

A

Monocytes

42
Q

Kissing disease

Infection: most likely Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Virus is transmitted through saliva, semen and blood

Flu-like symptoms

Virus causes T cells to enlarge as they fight infected cells, resembling monocytes

Treatment: None- usually clears up in a few weeks

A

Mononucleosis

43
Q

determined by carbohydrate markers on plasma membrane of erythrocytes

A

blood type

44
Q

positive” blood type

A

presence of Rhesus factor

45
Q

“negative” blood type

A

Absence of Rhesus factor

46
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

47
Q

universal donor

A

O

48
Q

the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly

A

Leukemia

49
Q

Attack of fetal RBCs by maternal immune system leading to miscarriage

Fetus is Rh+ while mother is Rh-
First pregnancy sensitizes mother, so anti-Rh antibodies are present for second pregnancy
Anti-Rh antibodies are small enough to cross the placental barrier

A

Hemolytic Disease of the NewBorn

50
Q

the process of stoping blood loss

A

hemostasis

51
Q

Hemostasis (4)

A
  1. Vascular Spasm Phase
  2. Platelet Phase
  3. Coagulation Phase
  4. Clot Retraction
52
Q

Immediately after a vessel is damaged, smooth muscle constricts to limit blood flow. Initiated by endothelin, tissue factor and ADP.

A

Vascular Spasm Phase

53
Q

Platelets arrive at the site of damage and adhere to sticky endothelium. Release chemical messengers thromboxane A2, ADP, Ca2+ ions and clotting factors. Form platelet plug. Promote wound healing.

A

Platelet Phase

54
Q

Reinforcement of platelet plug by web-like protein mesh formed by fibrin.

A

Coagulation Phase

55
Q

Platelets contract to make the clot more compact and pull wound edges closer together.

A

Clot Retraction

Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) (8 decks)

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