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Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) > Muscle Mechanics > Flashcards

Muscle Mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscles proximal attachment

A

Origin

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2
Q

Muscles distal attachment

A

Insertion

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3
Q

muscle/muscle group most directly involved in movement

A

Agonist

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4
Q

Opposing muscle group, slows down limbs during fast movement

A

antagonist

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5
Q

muscles that stabilize the body during movements but not responsible for the movement

A

synergist

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6
Q

involve generation of muscle force with constant muscle tension and a change in muscle length

A

Isotonic Contraction

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7
Q

Isotonic Contraction (2)

A
  1. Concentric

2. Eccentric

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8
Q

contractile force is greater than external load

muscles shortens

A

concentric

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9
Q

contractile force is less than external load

muscle lengthens

A

eccentric

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10
Q

active muscle contraction without changing the muscle length

A

Isometric

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11
Q

Functional Characteristic of Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Contractile
  2. Excitability
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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12
Q

refers to the ability of the muscle to shorten and produce tension at its ends

pulls on tendons

A

Contractile

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13
Q

is the ability of a muscle fiber to respond rapidly to a chemical or electrical signal

A

excitability

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14
Q

which is the capacity of the muscle to stretch to the normal resting length and beyond after contracting

A

extensibility

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15
Q

means that a muscle is able to return to its original resting length after a stretch

A

elasticity

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16
Q

muscle’s ability to constantly adapt to stretching

A

plasticity

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17
Q

an active eccentric stretch of a muscle, followed by a rapid concentric contraction

preparatory counter-movement to many functional tasks

Uses energy stored from elastic component of musculotendinous unit and stimulation of stretch reflex.

A

Stretch Shortening Cycle (SSC)

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18
Q

During a concentric muscle action, the relationship between force and velocity is ____

A

inverse

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19
Q

During a eccentric muscle action, the relationship between force and velocity is ___

A

Direct

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20
Q

muscle has fibers that attach obliquely (i.e., in a slanting position) to its tendon, creating a feather-like arrangement

A

pennate

21
Q

the angle between the muscle fibers and the longitudinal axis of muscle force generation

A

angle of pennation

22
Q

great force, less velocity

A

more pennation

23
Q

less force, higher velocity

A

less pennation

24
Q

force resisting the lever’s rotation

A

Fr

25
Q

movement arm of the resistive force

A

Mrf

26
Q

movement arm of the applied force

A

Maf

27
Q

force applied to the lever

A

Fa

28
Q

applied and resistant forces on opposite sides of the fulcrum

neck

A

First Class

29
Q

resistance lies between the applied force and the fulcrum

plantar flexion of the ankle

A

Second Class

30
Q

force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum

Elbow flexion with a biceps curl

A

Third class

31
Q

slow twitch

efficient

resistant to fatigue

high capacity for aerobic energy supply

produce force less rapidly

A

Type I muscle

32
Q

Fast twitch

inefficient

fatigue easily

Low aerobic capacity

produce force more rapidly

A

Type II muscle

33
Q

Fastest twitch time

Most easily fatigued

A

Type IIb

34
Q

which and how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction

  • Type _ fiber are recruited ___ for any given movement
  • Type _ finer are recruited __ if needed
A

fiber recruitment

I
first

II
second

35
Q

the firing rate or frequency of action potential generation in a motor neuron is

Frequency ___ when more ___is required

A

rate coding

increases
force

36
Q

Regular ____ training improves muscle strength, power, hypertrophy, endurance, motor skills and coordination

A

anaerobic

37
Q

gradual adaptation to increased stress on muscles from exercise

A

progressive overload

38
Q

Principles of Anaerobic Training

A
  1. Principle of specificity
  2. Principle of individual variability
  3. Principle of reversibility
39
Q

muscles adapt in the way they are stressed through exercise

A

principle of specificity

40
Q

different people will adapt to the same training program in different ways

A

Principle of individual variability

41
Q

if a person stops or reduces their training there will be a loss in adaptation brought on by prior training

A

Principle of reversibility

42
Q

collection of disorders associated with nerves, muscles, tendons, bones and related blood vessels

A

cumulative trauma disorder

43
Q

Three Specific Muscle Adaptation

A

Growth
fiber Types
Biochemistry

44
Q

Hypertrophy: enlargement of muscle fiber cross sectional area following training

Involves:
actin and myosin synthesis

titian and nebulin synthesis

Increase in number of myofibrils in muscle fiber

A

Growth

45
Q

type ___ can transition to type ___ with ____ endurance or high intensity resistance training.

type __ to __ transitions are less likely

A

IIb
IIa
aerobic

I
II

46
Q

Resistance/ sprint training:

increase cytoplasmic density

Increase sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density

increase calcium release

anaerobic training:
- decreased blood and muscle

A

biochemistry

47
Q

Increase aerobic capacity of skeletal muscles

increase maximal
aerobic power

increase size of type I muscle fibers due to their increased recruitment

increased size and number of capillaries and mitochondria

A

Muscle Adaptation to Exercise: Aerobic training

48
Q

Skeletal muscle that is not regularly stimulated ___

This lead to __ of muscle __, ___ and ___ over time

the majority of muscle atrophy comes from type ___ fibers

A

atrophies

loss
mass
tone
power

II

Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) (8 decks)

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