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Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

constant motion of a fluid

A

flow

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2
Q

physical force required to create flow through any tube

A

pressure

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3
Q

pressure and force have an inverse relationship

A

boyle’s law

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4
Q

difference between area of high pressure and area of low pressure

A

pressure gradient

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5
Q

prevent backflow and ensure one-directional flow of blood

A

valve

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6
Q

the heart is a double___

A

pump

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7
Q

Decreases chamber volume

Increases chamber pressure

A

Contraction

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8
Q

Increases chamber volume

Decreases chamber pressure

A

relaxation

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9
Q

What is this?

___ and ___ pumps work in ____.

They are connected to each other and highly ____.

___ and ___ together

Pumps roughly the same volume of ___.

A

coordination of the beating heart

pulmonary
systematic
parallel

coordinated

contracts
relax

blood

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10
Q

The heart is located in the __ ___,Protected by the ____.

A

Thoracic Cavity

Pericardium

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11
Q

outer layer, made of dense regular connective tissue

A

fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

double-layered, pericardial fluid-filled membrane

A

Serous pericardium

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13
Q

outermost layer, in contact with fibrous pericardium

A

parietal layer

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14
Q

surrounds and is continuous with surface of the heart

A

Visceral layer

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15
Q

The heart is a ___ organ

A

multilayer

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16
Q

Multilayers: (3)

A

Epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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17
Q

outermost layer, made of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue

A

epicardium

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18
Q

thickest layer, contains cardiomyocytes and cardiac skeleton

A

myocardium

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19
Q

deepest layer, made of simple squamous endothelial tissue

A

endocardium

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20
Q

Heart has four chambers:

Two upper chambers known as ____
Two lower chambers known as ____

Left and right side are separated by _____

Left atrium + left ventricle = ____ ___ (pumps _____blood)

Right atrium + right ventricle = ___ ____ (pumps _____ blood)

A

atria

ventricles

cardiac septum

systematic pump
oxygenated

pulmonary pump
deoxygenated

21
Q

_______ blood enters right atrium from body through superior (upper body) and inferior (lower body) vena cava

Pumped through ____valve to ____ventricle

Blood exits heart through ____ arteries into ____ circulation

_____ blood returns through pulmonary____into the ____ atrium

Pumped through ____ valve into ___ ventricle

Blood exits heart through ____ into ____ circulation

A

De-oxygenated

tricuspid
right

pulmonary
pulmonary

oxygen-rich
veins
left

mitral
left

aorta
systematic

22
Q

small hole that allows blood to bypass the right ventricle, moving directly between right atrium and left atrium

A

foramen ovale

23
Q

connects pulmonary trunk to aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

24
Q

Have a single, centrally-located ____

__ and __

Myofilaments are arranged into ____

___ are less pronounced

Myofibrils are ___ and_____ in size

Have great abundance of ___

Resist fatigue through ___ metabolism

Being to die after a few minutes without __

Sarcoplasmic reticulum lacks ____

Membranes are ____ together

Entire tissue functions together (___) and is ____

A

features of cardiomyocytes

nucleus

short
wide
sarcomere

striations

branched
variable

mitochondria

aerobic

O2

cisternae

fused

syncytium
auto rhythmic

25
Q

Action Potential in Contractile Cardiomyocytes (5)

A
  1. Resting Membrane
  2. Depolarization
  3. Transient Repolarization
  4. Plateau Phase
  5. Rapid Repolarization
26
Q

Typically between -80 mV and -90 mV

Created from continuous efflux of K+ through inward rectifier potassium channels (KIR)

Also small amount of Ca2+ and Na+ permeability

Na/K/ATPase serves to maintain concentration gradients

A

Resting membrane

27
Q

Similar to the process in skeletal muscle

Voltage-gated fast sodium channels (Naf) are activated, allowing influx of positively-charged sodium ions

A

Depolarization

28
Q

Voltage-gated sodium channels rapidly inactivate at the peak of the action potential

Sodium permeability decreases

Cardiomyocytes go into a refractory period

Membrane potential begins to hyperpolarize due to transient outward current from potassium channels

A

Transient Repolarization

29
Q

Voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (CaL) open, bringing positively-charged Ca2+ ions into the cell

A

Plateau Phase

30
Q

L-type calcium channels close

Efflux of K+ continues through voltage-gated potassium channels

Membrane potential repolarizes to resting state

A

Rapid Repolarization

31
Q

____ is Due to pacemaker cells

A

Autorhythmicity

32
Q

Pacemaker Cells (3)

A
  1. Pacemaker potential
  2. rapid depolarization
  3. Repolarization
33
Q

Delayed rectified channels (KDR) allow constant efflux of K+, steadily increasing membrane potential

A

Pacemaker Potential

34
Q

Inward sodium (funny current) and transient calcium influx continue depolarization until the threshold of the voltage-gated L-type calcium channel is reached

T-type calcium and HCN channels close

A

Rapid Depolarization

35
Q

L-type calcium channels close at peak of action potential

Inward rectifying potassium channels (KIR) open

Increased permeability to K+ returns cell to hyperpolarized membrane potential

A

Repolarization

36
Q

Family of disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity within the heart

A

Cardiac Arrhythmias

37
Q

An _____Provides an Electrical Picture of Heart Function

A

electrocardiogram

38
Q

ECG Leads Are Placed in _____ Formation

A

Triangle (Einthoven’s Triangle)

39
Q

depolarization of atria

A

P wave

40
Q

: ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

41
Q

depolarization of septal region of ventricle

A

Q wave

42
Q

depolarization of anterior region of ventricle

A

R wave

43
Q

depolarization of inferior portions of ventricle

A

S wave

44
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

45
Q

time required for atrial depolarization and action potential to reach ventricles

A

P-Q interval:

46
Q

time required for atrial depolarization to propagate through the ventricles

A

P-R interval:

47
Q

time course of ventricular depolarization

A

S-T segment

48
Q

combined time required for ventricular depolarization and repolarization

A

Q-T interval

49
Q

The___ of cardiac contraction is____to the amount of ____ released into the cytoplasm during excitation-contraction coupling

A

force
proportionate
calcium

Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) (8 decks)

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