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Physiology I Block 2 > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal msucle is what kind of muscle

A

voluntary

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2
Q

cardiac and smooth muscle is what kind of muscle

A

involuntary

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3
Q

cardiac and skeletal fall into what kind of category

A

striated

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4
Q

smooth muscle falls into what category

A

unstriated

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5
Q

skeletal muscle fibers are made up of

A

myofibrils

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6
Q

myofibril composed of

A

1500 thick and 3000 thin filament

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7
Q

what is sarcomere

A

end to end chain of repeating units in myofibril

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8
Q

list the skeletal muscle heirarchy structure

A

look up to confirm

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9
Q

each myofibril in muscle fiber is surrounded by

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

what is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated, elongated cell called a muscle fiber

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11
Q

multinucleated, elongated cell called a muscle fiber is surrounded by

A

cell membrane: sarcolemma

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12
Q

what is the sksletal muscle cell membrane called

A

sarcolemma

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13
Q

a bundle of linearly aligned muscle fibers form what

A

a fasicle

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14
Q

bundles of fasicles form what

A

muscle

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15
Q

An individual skeletal muscle cell contains a densely arranged parallel array of cylindrical elements called

A

myofibrils

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16
Q

what is a myofibril

A

essentially an end-to-end chain of regular repeating units, or sarcomeres, that consist of smaller interdigitating filaments called myofilaments, which contain both thin filaments and thick filaments.

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17
Q

invaginations of sarcolemma are called

A

t tubules

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18
Q

T tubules are in contact with

A

extracellular space

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19
Q

the portion nearest the t tubule is caleld the

A

terminal cisternae

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20
Q

terminal cisternae is the site of

A

Ca2+ release

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21
Q

Draw the parts of a sarcomere

A

pg 9

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22
Q

what is the ultimate function of t tubules

A

coordinated contraction

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23
Q

what is function of terminal cisternae

A

sac-like ends of SR; acts like a storage of the Ca2+ ions that release in excitation-contraction coupling

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24
Q

what is the triad

A

the close apposition of two terminal cisternae against T-tubule; important in electrochemical coupling

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25
Q

the two dark lines on sarcomere is caleld the

A

Z lines

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26
Q

on either side of z line is what

A

I band

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27
Q

I band contains what

A

thin filaments composed primarily of the protein, actin.

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28
Q

what is I band primarily composed of

A

actin

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29
Q

what is the area b/w two I bands called

A

A band

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30
Q

A band contains

A

thick filaments composed primarily of the protein myosin

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31
Q

A band is primarily composed of

A

myosin

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32
Q

the dark area at end of A band represents

A

region of overlap between thick and thin filaments

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33
Q

light area in the center of sarcomere is called

A

H band

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34
Q

What is H band

A

area of the A band that only contains thick myosin filaments

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35
Q

where do thin actin filaments extend

A

from the Z line to the edge of the H band and overlap a portion of the filament in the A band

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36
Q

what is the dark line in the center of the sarcomere called

A

M line

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37
Q

What is function of M line

A

appear to be critical for organization and alignment of the thick filaments in the sarcomere.

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38
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic contractile unit – delineated by Z disks or lines: contains full A band and ½ an I band on either side of A band

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39
Q

A band

A

contain thick filaments; overlapping of thick and thin filaments (potential sites of cross-bridge formation

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40
Q

I band

A

Contain actin (thin) filaments, Z disks and no thick filaments

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41
Q

Z disc

A

Run down middle of each I band defining the end of each sarcomere

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42
Q

H zone

A

Center of each sarcomere. No thin filaments (no overlap of thick and thin filaments/cross-bridge formation in this region

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43
Q

M line

A

Bisects the H zone linking the central portion of the thick filaments together

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44
Q

describe the structure of myosin

A

6 polypeptide chains, head function as an ATPase enzyme
& actin binding
site

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45
Q

what binds to myosin

A

ATP and actin

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46
Q

the head region of myosin extends in what direction

A

away from thick filament

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47
Q

region of myosin extends towards

A

actin thin filament

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48
Q

the part of myosin that binds to ATP does what specifially

A

binds and hydrolyses ATP

aka it is a ATPase

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49
Q

aggregation of actin molecules is called

A

globular actin

or G actin

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50
Q

what is another name for globular actin

A

G actin

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51
Q

describe the structure of actin in skeletal muscle

A

two stranded helical structure - called F-actin

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52
Q

What is another name for F-actin

A

filamentous actin

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53
Q

what does tropomyosin do

A

extend over the entire actin filament and cover myosin binding sites on the actin molecules

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54
Q

a tropomyosin extends over how many actin molecules

A

7

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55
Q

what are the three subunits of troponin

A

T, I, C

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56
Q

what is function of troponin

A

binds to tropomysoin and blocks the binding sites so the muscle won’t move unless calcium binds to troponin and moves it out of the way so tropomyosin can move

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57
Q

what happens when clacium is released into muscle cells

A

calcium binds to troponin C so myosin binding site is exposed

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58
Q

watch her ppt of sliding mechanism contractinon as well as kahn academy and draw diagram to help remember

A

pg 13

do itt

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59
Q

during contraction what part of myofibril shortens

A

sarcomere
I band
H zone

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60
Q

during contraction what part of myofibril stays the same

A

A band - same width

thick and thin filaments - same width

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61
Q

thick myosin filaments are tethered to z lines by what

A

titin

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62
Q

what is titin

A

a very large elastic protein that extends from the Z line to the center of the sarcomere and appears to be important for organization and alignment of the thick filaments in the sarcomere. Titin appears to play a role in stabilizing thin filament length during muscle development in an isometric contraction.

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63
Q

what is function of nebulin

A

extends along the length of the thin filament and may participate in regulation of the length of the thin filament.

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64
Q

what is function of alpha actinin

A

associated with the Z lines, serves to anchor the thin filaments to the structure of the Z line.

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65
Q

what is function of dystrophin

A

connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

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66
Q

what is normal values of serum creatine kinase for men

A

25-90 U/L

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67
Q

what is normal values of serum creatine kinase for women

A

10-70 U/L

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68
Q

what is treatment for DMD

A

corticosteroids
anticonvulsants
immunosuppressants

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69
Q

what is purpose of corticosteroids for treating DMD

A

slow muscle degeneration

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70
Q

what is purpose of anticonvulsants for treating DMD

A

control seizures and some muscle activity

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71
Q

what is purpose of immunosuppressants for treating DMD

A

delay some damage to dying muscle cells, and antibiotics to fight respiratory infections.

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72
Q

draw out the mechanism of muscle contraction in order

A

pg 24

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73
Q

watch video for calcium release and muscle contraction

A

pg 25

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74
Q

watch video for calcium reuptake and muscle relaxation

A

pg 26

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75
Q

where does motorneuron synapse with muscle cell

A

motor end plate

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76
Q

The association of a T-tubule with two opposing terminal cisternae is the

A

triad

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77
Q

Ach binds to what when it is released from motorneuron

A

nicotinic receptors on muscle fiber

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78
Q

when Ach binds to nicotinic receptors on muscle fiber it produces what

A

large depolarization called EPP

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79
Q

EPP triggers what

A

opening of nearby voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels which underlie the muscle action potential.

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80
Q

watch animation for crossbridge cycling

A

pg 27

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81
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

stimulation without shortening the muscle length - still causes increase in tension

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82
Q

what is an example of an isometric contraction

A

individual pushing against an immovable object such as the wall of a house

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83
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

muscle tension remains constant a smuscle changes length

creates force to generate movement

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84
Q

what is an example of a isotonic contraction

A

individual lifting a 10 lb weight

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85
Q

how do you develop enough force to lift a load

A

want to do just a little bit more than needed to lift the load

86
Q

what is a way to increase force or tension development

A

recruitment
frequency summation
muscle length prior to stimulation

87
Q

what is recruitment

A

multiple fiber summation → you are summing tension (more motor units)

88
Q

in recruitment you sum

A

tension

89
Q

what is frequency summation

A

twitch, summation, tetanus

90
Q

increased frequency of firing for AP you will get

A

frequency summation

91
Q

describe how you can use muscle length prior to stimulation to regulate force

A

if you stretch out muscle beforehand, can get more force. like stretching a rubber band

92
Q

before stimulatino called

A

preload

93
Q

after stimulation called

A

total force

94
Q

the force of skeletal muscle contraction in vivo is regulated by

A

recruitment
frequency summation

when you depol. you get maximum out of muscle b/c they are optimally overlapped

95
Q

in tetanus what is happening that keeps the tension in muscle

A

calcium atpase isn’t work up and can’t keep up with the frequency of firing. it doesn’t have time to sequester the calcium completely

96
Q

what is preload

A

is the load on a muscle in a relaxed state, that is, prior to contraction.
(pre-stretch, haven’t depol. yet)

97
Q

when preload is applied to muscles what two things does it do

A

causes muscle to stretch

and to develop passive tension

98
Q

the greater the preload added, the greater the

A

stretch of the muscle

99
Q

why dont you see length change in isometric contraction

A

b/c of the elastic elements - that is what is stretching so the msucle length doesnt actually change

100
Q

the bigger the pre-stretch, the more passive tension, but all the passive tension

A

cannot be used to move a load

there is a point where if you keep increasing pre-stretch it will start to decrease the total force

101
Q

passive tension generated by

A

stretching non-muscular, elastic elements within the whole muscle

102
Q

active tension generated by

A

crossbridge cycling in contractile elements is transmitted to the load and movement occurs

103
Q

total tension is sum of

A

the active tension developed by the crossbridge cycling In the sarcomeres and the passive tension caused by stretching the muscle

104
Q

what is afterload

A

amount of force development generated after depol

it is the force the muscle must develop to shorten and lift the load.

105
Q

F max is the

A

maximum load

106
Q

the heaviest load that can be listed is

A

Vb

107
Q

the lightest load that can be lifted

A

Vd

108
Q

Vmax denotes

A

max velocity cycling rate

109
Q

If Fmax is 25 lbs and preload is stretched and Fmax is 15, can I lift buddy?

A

No

110
Q

if there is increased preload or decreased proload the graph will

A

shift left

can see pg 73

111
Q

how do you get a different myosin ATPase

A

with a different muscle

112
Q

skeletal muscle, even if slow twitch, will have faster myosin ATPase then smooth muscle?

A

yes, faster skeletal muscle ATPase

113
Q

in relaxed skeletal muscle, what inhibits contraction

A

tropomyosin- troponin complexes - they prevent cross bridging

114
Q

when muscle shortens what happens to sarcomere

A

length is reduced

115
Q

thick myosin filaments are tethered to z lines by what

A

titin

116
Q

what is titin

A

cytoskeletal protein, extends from z line to center of sarcomere, important for organizing and aligning thick filaments

117
Q

titin helps stabilize thin filament during

A

isometric contraction

118
Q

what is purpose of nebulin

A

cytoskeletal protein, extends along length of thin filament and helps regulate the thin filament length

119
Q

what is function of alpha-actinin

A

associated with the Z lines, serves to anchor the thin filaments to the structure of the Z line

120
Q

what is function of dystrophin

A

connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.

121
Q

what disease is there lack of dystrophin

A

DMD

122
Q

what does DMD stand for

A

duchenne muscular dystrophy

123
Q

gower’s sign is a symptom of

A

DMD

124
Q

Pts with DMD usually die due to

A

respiratory failure or heart failure

125
Q

what does corticosteroids do to treat DMD

A

slow muscle degeneration

126
Q

what does anticonvulsants do to treat DMD

A

controls seizures and some muscle activity

127
Q

what does immunosuppressants do to treat DMD

A

delays some damage to dying muscle cells

128
Q

draw out the steps of muscle contraction

A

pg 24

129
Q

when AP arrives at NM junction it triggers what

A

release of Ach by exocytosis

130
Q

when Ach is released in NM junction it produeces what

A

EPP → depolarization

131
Q

when muscle cell has EPP then what happens

A

voltage gated Na and K channels open → muscle AP

132
Q

surface electrical activity on muscle cells is carried to central parts of muscle fiber by what

A

T tubules

133
Q

association of T tubule w/ two opposing terminal cisternae is

A

triad

134
Q

what is the name of the protein that bridge the gap b/w t tubule and terminal cisternae

A

feet

135
Q

RYR stands for

A

Ryanodine receptor

136
Q

the feet - what do they do

A

Ca2+ release channels in the membrane of the terminal cisternae that are responsible for the elevation in intracellular [Ca2+] in response to the action potential.

137
Q

what is another name for the feet

A

ryanodine receptor

138
Q

why is the channel called ryanodine receptor

A

it binds the drug ryanodine

139
Q

where is the RYR located

A

a portion embedded in SR membrane

most of it in myoplasm b/w terminal cisternae & t-tubule

140
Q

DHPR stands for

A

dihydropyridine receptor

141
Q

what protein does RYR interract with at the t-tubule membrane

A

DHPR

142
Q

what is an L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channel

A

DHPR

143
Q

what is the function of one of the subunits of DHPR

A

binds dihydropyridine class of channel blocking drugs

144
Q

DHPR (especially subunit) is needed for what

A

induce release of calcium from SR

145
Q

for calcium to be released from SR is DHPR needed

A

no

146
Q

explain the steps for calcium release from the SR

A

conformational change in DHPR → opens RYR → Ca released into myoplasm

147
Q

what protein stores calcium in SR

A

calsequestrin

148
Q

what initiates relaxation of skeletal msucle

A

acetylcholinesterase removes Ach from NM junction

149
Q

what are the two ways calcium is removed from cell

A

sent across plasma membrane

sequestered into intracellular compartments

150
Q

how is calcium extruded - what does the cell use to do this?

A

Na-Ca exchangers

Ca ATPase pumps

151
Q

how is calcium pumped back into SR

A

sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pumps

152
Q

what does SERCA stand for

A

sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pumps

153
Q

what is the most important mechanism for returning calcium to resting levels

A

SERCA

154
Q

what are the funcions of the SR

A

Ca storage
Ca release
Ca uptake

155
Q

if there is high free Ca in the lumen of SR, what does this do to SERCA

A

inhibits it

156
Q

what acts as a buffer and allows more uptake of calcium and a much higher capacity of calcium inside SR

A

calsequestin

157
Q

draw out the powerstroke

A

pg 31

158
Q

explain what causes rigor mortis

A

ATP depletion in muscle cells

it’s rigid b/c cells can no longer remove calcium, so actin-myosin binding, but can’t do power stroke b/c no ATP

159
Q

what is tension in terms of muscle

A

when muscles contract and the attachment points are both pulled towards each other

160
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

increase in tension but not shortening

muscle length is fixed -

161
Q

what creates force without generating movement

A

tension

162
Q

an individual pushing against an immovable object such as the wall of a house is an example of what

A

tension

163
Q

if the force of the muscle is slightly greater than the load what kind of contraction is it

A

isotonic contraction

164
Q

describe isotonic contraction

A

constant load, tension in is greater than the load

the muscle will change length

165
Q

muscle tension remaining constant as muscle changes length is an example of what

A

isotonic contraction

166
Q

an individual lifting a ten pound weight is an example of what

A

isotonic contraction

167
Q

what regulates force of skeletal muscle contraction in vitro

A
  • Recruitment (multiple fiber summation)
  • Frequency summation (twitch, summation, tetanus)
  • Muscle length prior to stimulatio
168
Q

what regulates the force of skeletal muscle contraction in vivo

A

CNS regulates:
• Recruitment
• Frequency summation

169
Q

why is muscle length prior to stimulation minor in vivo

A

attachment to skeleton limit the changes in length

170
Q

a motor unit consists of what

A

a number of muscle fibers innervated by the same alpha motorneuron

171
Q

how is increasing force of contraction done in vivo

A

recruits more muscle fibers (via motor units)

172
Q

activation of a single alpha motor neuron leads to what

A

synchronous twitching of all fibers it innervates

173
Q

if muscle is allowed to relax fully prior to second shock what will it result in

A

twitch

174
Q

if second shock is delivered before muscle can fully relax it will result in

A

summation

175
Q

what is incomplete tetany

A

muscle is stimluated again before it had a chance to fully relax. but intracellular calcium has the chance to return to baseline

176
Q

what is tetany

A

high level of stimluation & intracellular Ca doesn’t go down, it just increases.

177
Q

what is the best measure of preload length

A

sarcomere length

178
Q

what is preload

A

the load on a muscle in a relaxed state, that is, prior to contraction.

179
Q

applying preload to muscle does what two things

A

causes muscles to stretch

causes muscle to develop passive tension

180
Q

the greater the preload added the greater the

A

stretch of the muscle
pre-stretch of sarcomere
passive tension in muscle

181
Q

what is passive tension

A

tension generated by stretching non-muscular, elastic elements within the whole muscle
think rubber band

182
Q

what is active tension

A

tension generated by crossbridge cycling in contractile elements is transmitted to the load and movement occurs

183
Q

what is total tension

A

the sum of the active tension developed by the crossbridge cycling In the sarcomeres and the passive tension caused by stretching the muscle.

184
Q

the sum of active and passive tension is what

A

total tension

185
Q

subtracting passive tension from total tension is what

A

active tension

186
Q

the active tension developed is proportional to what

A

number of crossbridges that cycle

187
Q

active tension is maximal when

A

maximal overlap of thick and thin filaments and maximal possible crossbridges

188
Q

why is action tension reduced when muscle is stretched to longer lengths

A

the number of possible cross-bridges is reduced, and active tension is reduced

189
Q

why is action tension reduced when muscle length is decreased

A

the thin filaments collide with each other in the center of the sarcomere, reducing the number of possible cross-bridges and reducing active tension.

190
Q

what is optimal overlap in um

A

1.95-2.25 um

191
Q

draw the optimal overlap chart comparing sarcomere length and relative force

A

pg 66

192
Q

what is the bare zone

A

thick filaments at center of A band where no myosin heads are present
this is why b/w 1.95-2.25 um the isometric force capability doesn’t change

193
Q

understand and draw graph of iostonic contraction

A

pg 69

194
Q

what is afterload

A

the force muscle must develop to shorten and lift the load

195
Q

as afterload is decreased, velocity of shortening

A

increases

velocity increases more and more as load is reduced

196
Q

what is Fmax

A

if load is applied that is greater than the maximal force capacity of muscle

197
Q

what is Vmax

A

maximum velocity - maximal cycling rate of cross-bridges

this is theoretical velocity muscle could obtain if it didnt have to move any afterload

198
Q

draw force-velocity curve

A

pg 71

199
Q

velocity of shortening will be maximal when afterload on muscle is

A

0

200
Q

draw out and understand the force-velocity relationship

A

pg 72

the four bumps with the arrows

201
Q

preload and afterload do not affect

A

Vmax

202
Q

what are the two major ways the body converts nutrients to energy

A

aerobic metabolism

anaerobic metabolism

203
Q

is creatine phosphate aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

204
Q

when is creatine phosphate system used, describe it

A

short bursts of energy - 10 seconds worth, like 100 meter sprint or weight lifting
it uses up any ATP stored in muscle (2-3 sec)
then sues CP to synthesize ATP (6-8 sec)

205
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

206
Q

describe how glycolysis works

A

creates ATP from carbohydrates
used during short, high intensity bursts of activity - like swimming 400 meter
used up in a few min.

207
Q

what is by-product of glycolysis

A

lactic acid

208
Q

is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

209
Q

describe how ox-phos works

A

long duration activity
uses oxygen to convert nutrients to ATP
long-distance walking, jogging, swimming

210
Q

what are the three types of muscle fibers

A

slow-oxidative
fast-oxidative
fast-glycolytic

211
Q

what are the red and white fibers

A

slow-oxidative is red fiber

fast-oxidative & fast-glycolytic are white fibers

212
Q

Compare Vmax, myosin ATPase, glycolytic metabolism, oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial content, and myoglobin content b/w fast and slow twitch muscles

A

pg 76

Physiology I Block 2 (7 decks)

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