ANS Sympathetic Flashcards
1
Q
what is the overall function of sympathetic NS
A
mobilize body for action
2
Q
where do preganglionic neurons arise from
A
T1-L3
3
Q
the adrenal medulla is a specialized
A
sympathetic ganglia
4
Q
describe pre and post ganglia length for SNS
A
short preganglionic
long postganglionic
5
Q
describe the pre and post ganglionic cells and their myelination
A
pre are myelinated
post are not myelinated
6
Q
adrenalla medulla contains
A
modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons (adrenal chromaffin cells)
7
Q
what are adrenal chromaffin cells
A
modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons
8
Q
draw out the exceptions to SNS
A
pg 4
9
Q
look at list of sympathetic receptors, find similarities, organize, understand, know
A
pg 6 & 7
10
Q
what is Hyperhidrosis
A
excessive and unpredictable sweating
11
Q
how does botox prevent swelling
A
it blocks release of Ach, so person doesn’t sweat
12
Q
chromaffin cells are modified
A
sympathetic post-ganglion cells
13
Q
describe the length of pre and post ganglia in adrenal medulla
A
both are short
14
Q
what is the cell in adrenal medulla important for SNS
A
chromaffin cells
15
Q
what is released from pre and “post” ganglia in adrenal medulla
A
pre: Ach
post: EPI & NE
16
Q
what is ratio of EPI and NE released from adrenal medulla
A
80% EPI
20% NE
17
Q
where do EPI and NE bind
A
alpha and beta receptors
18
Q
the adrenal medulla reinforces
A
the actions of sympathetic NS
19
Q
is adrenal medulla always activated as part of SNS?
A
no
20
Q
activation of adrenal medulla is associated with
A
stress
21
Q
what kind of receptor is α adrenergic receptor
A
G protein coupled
22
Q
where are α adrenergic receptors found
A
smooth muscles & glands
23
Q
what is a typical α 1 agonist
A
phenylephrine
“Phenyl a friend”
24
Q
phenylephrine is used primarily for what three things
A
decongestant
pupillary dilator
vasopressor
25
explain how phenylephrine can be used as decongestant
vasoconstriction of nasal sinusoidal vessels to decrease nasal blood flow which will then decrease musous
26
how is phenylephrine used as pupillary dilator
eye drops to enhance visualization of the retina by contracting the radial muscle to dilate the pupil.
27
how is phenylephrine used as vasopressor
contracts peripheral arterioles to increase blood pressure without significant effects on heart rate or contractility.
28
what is an antagonist against α 1 and α 2
phentolamine
| "Phen told on me"
29
What is phentolamine used primarily for
vasodilator
30
target cells can respond to the same neurotransmitter differently depending on
the type of receptor they have
31
NE stands for
norepinephrine
32
NE activation of α 1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cause
constriction
33
NE activation of ß2 receptors in detrusor muscle cause
relaxation
34
where are α2 receptors likely to be found
adipose tissue
pancreas
smooth muscle of blood vessel
35
what is the result of α2 receptors on adipose tissue
inhibition of lipolysis
36
what is the result of α2 receptors on pancreas
inhibition of insulin release
37
what is the result of α2 receptors on smooth muscle of blood vessel
contraction
38
Look at chart on pg 35 & 36
find patterns, understand
39
ßadrenergic receptors are all
G protein coupled receptors
40
where are ß adrenergic receptors most likely to be found
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
41
what is agonist for ß1 & ß2
isoproterenol
42
what is isoproterenol used for
treatment of
bradycardia, heart block and
rarely for asthma.
43
what affects does isoproterenol have on the heart
inotropic & chronotropic effects
44
ionotropic & chronotropic effects mean that isoproterenol will
elevate systolic BP
45
ß2 stimulation in arteriolar smooth muscle induces what, what is effect
vasodilation
| lowers diastolic BP
46
what is antgonist against ß1 and ß2
propranolol
47
what is propranolol used to treat
```
tremors
angina (chest pain)
hypertension
heart rhythm disorders
other heart or circulatory conditions
treats or prevents heart attacks
reduces severity and frequency of migraines
```
48
what is angina
chest pain
49
where is ß1 most likely to be found
heart muscle
adipose
kidney
50
what is response of ß1 on heart muscle
positive ionotropic & chronotropic effect
51
what is response of ß1 on adipose
lipolysis
52
what is resopnse of ß1 on kidney
renin release
53
adrenergic and muscarinic receptors activate what to generate the second messenger cascade
adenylyl cyclase
| phospholipase C
54
ANS receptors are G protein coupled receptors, they are also known as
Serpentine Receptors
55
G proteins involved in ANS receptor signal transduction are
heterotrimeric G-proteins
56
describe heterotrimeric G-proteins
have α, ß, gamma
| α is coupled to GDP, when G protein is activated GTPase will switch GDP to GTP and α is activated
57
draw out α1 receptor activation
pg 24
58
draw out ß adrenergic receptor activation
pg 25
59
show how α receptor can have negative feedback
pg 26
60
what is SNS and PNS role in micturation
SNS: relax detrusser muscle, contract internal sphincter
PNS: contract detrusser muscle, relax internal sphincter
61
what is SNS role in regulation of pupil
dilation (mydriasis): α1
| relaxes ciliary muscle for far vision: ß2
62
what is PNS role in regulation of pupil
constrisction (miosis): M3
| contract ciliary muscle for near vision: M3
63
to dilate, what muscle is affected and how
radial muscle, contracted
64
to constrict pupil, what muscle is affected and how
sphincter muscle, contracted
65
research
raynaud's phenomenon
66
research horner syndrome
yay
67
research
pheochromocytoma
68
if preganglionic is not synapsing in sympathetic trunk where is it synapsing
adrenal medulla
69
draw out sympathetic nervous system pathway
pg 4
70
epinephrine tends to prefer to bind to what receptor
ß2
71
norepinephrine tends to prefer to bind to what receptor
α1
72
fight or flight what will be released
EPI
73
primary receptor for sympathetic NS
ß1
74
what is primary sympathetic receptor for sympathetic NS in the heart
ß1
75
if ß1 receptor in heart is stimulated there will be increase in
CO
76
most blood vessel receptors for blood vessels for sympathetic, what is dominant receptor
α1
77
what does α1 receptor do to blood vessels
constriction
78
what are primary sympathetic receptors for respiratory system
ß2 (major contributor)
| α1
79
Ach contracts bronchioles and also provides
secretion in bronchioles
80
what does ß2 receptor do to repiratory system
relaxes - open up the bronchioles
81
what is sympathetic receptor for pupil dilator muscle
α1
82
what is sympathetic receptor for iris sphincter muscle
trick! there is no. only parasympathetic
83
what is sympathetic receptor for ciliary msucle
ß2
84
what does ß2 do to ciliary muscle
relaxes
85
what does α1 do to pupil dilator muscle
dilates - aka mydriasis
86
renin secrtion for sympathetic is what receptor
ß1
87
stimulating glycolysis is what sympathetic receptor
ß1
88
what does sympathetic receptors do to uterus
α1 contracts when pregnant
| ß2 relaxes when not pregnant
89
why is botox used in face
relax skeletal muscle
90
what is primarilly released from adrenal medulla
epinephrine
91
what is the basis of neurotransmitter effects determined by
receptor distribution ( in a particular tissue)
```
biochemical properties (mechanism of action) of the cells in that tissue
i.e. the second messenger and enzyme systems present within the cell)
```
92
what is phenylephrine
selective α1 agonist
93
phenylephrine will do what to BP
increase
94
if you're only acting on α1 will you have direct cardiac effect
no
| indirect effect though
95
what is phentolamine
nonselective α1 and α2 antagonist
96
α2 where is it
presynaptive - negative feedback mechanism (pg 25)
97
what is result of α2
decrease in sympathetic system - it is involved in negative feedback
98
what is predominant receptor in vessels
α1
99
pheochromocytoma - what is it
tumor in adrenal medulla
100
when there is pheochromocytoma what happens
secretes too much catecholamines, massive increase in BP, and if at that point it is an emergency
101
what does Gq do
phospholipase C
102
what is G protein for α1
Gq
103
α2 is typically
inhibitory
104
α2 g protein is
Gi
105
what is isopreoterenol
non-selective ß1 and ß2 agonist
106
what is adrenergic
relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), or a similar substance acts as a neurotransmitter.
107
what is propranolol
nonselective ß1 and ß2 antagonist
108
what G protein are all the ß receptors linked to
Gs
109
what is predominant receptor in bladder
ß2
110
α1 adrenergic receptor activation is the same as in
M1 M3 M5
111
α2 inhibits
adenylyl cyclase
112
external sphincter is
neuromuscular junction
