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ANAPHY (miss nat) > SKELETAL (MIDTERM) > Flashcards

SKELETAL (MIDTERM) Flashcards

1
Q

skeleton comes from the Greek word meaning

A

“dried-up body”

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2
Q

comes from the Greek word meaning “dried-up body”

A

skeleton

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3
Q

skeleton is constructed of two of the most supportive tissue found in the human body— ______ and _______.

A

cartilage
bone

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4
Q

In embryos, the skeleton is composed mainly of ___________

A

hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

in adults, most of the cartilage is replaced by _______

A

skeleton

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6
Q

The adult skeleton has _____ bones

A

206

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7
Q

5 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

A
  1. Support of the body
  2. Protection of soft organs
  3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  4. Storage of minerals (Ca and P) and fats
  5. Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis
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8
Q

TWO DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON

A

AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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9
Q

those bones that form the body’s longitudinal axis

A

AXIAL SKELETON

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10
Q

bones of the girdles and limbs

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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11
Q

Axial skeleton is divided into three parts:

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebral column
  3. Bony thorax (thoracic cage)
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12
Q

TWO BASIC TYPES OF OSSEOUS - BONE TISSUE

A
  1. compact bone
  2. spongy bone
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13
Q

a type of osseous - bone tissue that is dense and Homogeneous

A

compact bone

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14
Q

a type of osseous - bone tissue that is small needle-like pieces of bone and has many open spaces

A

spongy bone

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15
Q

4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES

A
  1. LONG BONES
  2. SHORT BONES
  3. FLAT BONES
  4. IRREGULAR BONES
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16
Q

much longer than they are wide and generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end and is mostly compact bone

A

LONG BONES

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17
Q

are typically cube-shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone.

A

SHORT BONES

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18
Q

generally thin, with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two waferlike layers of compact bone

A

FLAT BONES

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19
Q

are bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories

A

IRREGULAR BONES

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20
Q

Vertebra is an example of:

A

IRREGULAR BONE

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21
Q

Bones of the skull is an example of:

A

FLAT BONE

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22
Q

Femur/ phalanges is an example of:

A

LONG BONE

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23
Q

Tarsals/ carpals is an example of:

A

SHORT BONE

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24
Q

GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
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25
Q

Shaft - length & Composed of compact bone

A

DIAPHYSIS

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26
Q

Ends of the bone & Composed mostly of spongy bone

A

EPIPHYSIS

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27
Q

STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE (7)

A
  1. Periosteum
  2. Sharpey’s fibers
  3. Arteries
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Epiphysial Line
  6. Endosteoum
  7. Medullary cavity
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28
Q
  • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
  • Made of glassy hyaline cartilage
  • Decreases friction at joint surfaces
A

Articular cartilage

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29
Q
  • Thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area
  • remnant of the epiphyseal plate (a flat plate of hyaline cartilage) seen in a young, growing bone
A

Epiphysial Line

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30
Q

Inner bony surface

A

Endosteoum

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31
Q
  • Outside covering of the diaphysis
  • Fibrous connective tissue membrane
A

Periosteum

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32
Q

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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33
Q

Supply bone cells with nutrients

A

Arteries

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34
Q
  • Cavity of the shaft
  • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
A

Medullary cavity

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35
Q

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE (6)

A
  1. Osteon (Haversian System)
  2. Central (Haversian) canal
  3. Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
  4. Lacunae
  5. Lamellae
  6. Canaliculi
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36
Q

A unit of bone

A

Osteon

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37
Q
  • Opening in the center of an osteon
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
A

Central (Haversian) canal

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38
Q
  • Canal perpendicular to the central canal
  • Carries blood vessels and nerves
A

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

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39
Q
  • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
  • concentric rings
A

Lacunae

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40
Q
  • Rings around the central canal
  • Sites of lacunae
A

Lamellae

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41
Q
  • Tiny canals
  • Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
  • Form a transport system
A

Canaliculi

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42
Q

Cartilage remains in isolated areas:

A
  1. Bridge of the nose
  2. Parts of ribs
  3. Joints
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43
Q

Categories of bone markings (2)

A
  1. Projections or processes
  2. Depressions or cavities
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44
Q

grow out from the bone surface

A

Projections or processes

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45
Q

indentations

A

Depressions or cavities

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46
Q

___________ allow for growth of long bone during childhood

A

Epiphyseal plates

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47
Q

Older cartilage becomes ______

A

ossified

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48
Q

ossification done by bone-forming cells called ___________

A

osteoblasts

49
Q

Bones grow in width is called ____

A

appositional growth

50
Q

TYPES OF BONE CELLS

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoclasts
51
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

52
Q

Bone-forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

53
Q

Bone-destroying cells & Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

A

Osteoclasts

54
Q

__________ is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

Bone remodeling

55
Q

Two sets of bones

A
  1. Cranium
  2. Facial bones
56
Q

Bones are joined by ______, an interlocking, immovable joints

A

sutures

57
Q

Only the _______ is attached by a freely movable joint

A

mandible

58
Q

BONES IN CRANIUM

A
  1. Frontal Bone
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal Bones
  4. Occipital Bone
  5. Sphenoid Bone
  6. Ethmoid Bone
59
Q

forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit

A

FRONTAL BONE

60
Q

Form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium

A

PARIETAL

61
Q

_________ is formed at the midline where the two parietal bones meet and the coronal suture is formed where the paired parietal bones meet the frontal bone.

A

sagittal suture

62
Q

Lie inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures.

A

TEMPORAL BONES

63
Q

bone markings appear on the temporal bones (5)

A
  1. external acoustic meatus
  2. styloid process
  3. zygomatic process
  4. mastoid process
  5. jugular foramen
64
Q

a sharp, needle-like projection, is just inferior to the external auditory meatus. Many neck muscles use this process as an attachment point.

A

styloid process

65
Q

a canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear. It is the route by which sound enters the ear

A

external acoustic meatus

66
Q

a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly

A

zygomatic process

67
Q

full of air cavities (the mastoid sinuses), is a rough projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus. It provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck

A

mastoid process

68
Q

at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones, allows passage of the jugular vein, the largest vein of the head, which drains blood from the brain

A

jugular foramen

69
Q

Most posterior bone of the cranium

A

OCCIPITAL BONE

70
Q

In the base of the occipital bone is a large opening, the ___________ which allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain

A

foramen magnum

71
Q

Lateral to the foramen magnum on each side are the rocker-like ______, which rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column

A

occipital condyles

72
Q

The butterfly-shaped _______ spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity

A

sphenoid bone

73
Q

In the midline of the sphenoid is a small depression, the _______, or Turk’s saddle, which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.

A

sella turcica

74
Q

a large oval opening in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica, allows fibers of cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible).

A

foramen ovale

75
Q

which allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye, and the slit-like superior orbital fissure, through which the cranial nerves controlling eye movements

A

optic canal

76
Q

The central part of the sphenoid bone is riddled with air cavities

A

sphenoidal sinuses

77
Q

irregularly shaped and lies anterior to the Sphenoid; It forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits.

A

ETHMOID BONE

78
Q

literally “cock’s comb” projects from the superior surface. The outermost covering of the brain attaches to this projection.

A

crista galli

79
Q

On each side of the crista galli are many small holes. These holey areas allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory (smell) receptors of the nose to reach the brain.

A

cribriform plates

80
Q

Extensions of the ethmoid bone and form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

A

the superior nasal conchae and middle nasal conchae

81
Q

FACIAL BONES

A
  1. Maxillae
  2. Zygomatic Bones
  3. Lacrimal Bones
  4. Nasal Bones
  5. Vomer Bone
  6. Inferior Nasal Conchae
  7. Mandible
82
Q

fuse to form the upper jaw. they are the main, or “keystone,” bones of the face. It carry the upper teeth in the alveolar process.

A

Maxillae

83
Q

Extensions of the maxillae called the _______ form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth.

A

palatine processes

84
Q

Maxillae contain sinuses, which drain into the nasal. These ________, whose naming reveals their position surrounding the nasal cavity, lighten the skull bones and amplify the sounds we make as we speak

A

paranasal sinuses

85
Q

commonly referred to as the cheekbones

A

Zygomatic Bones

86
Q

are fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial wall of each orbit

A

lacrimal bones

87
Q

small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

A

nasal bones

88
Q

Single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity

A

vomer bone

89
Q

are thin, curved bones projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

inferior Nasal Conchae

90
Q

lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone of the face

A

mandible

91
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Lighten the skull
  2. Give resonance and amplification to voice
92
Q

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

PARANASAL SINUSES

93
Q

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

A

HYOID BONE

94
Q

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue and as an attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx when we swallow and speak

A

HYOID BONE

95
Q

large compared to the infants total body length

A

FETAL SKULL

96
Q

A fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

A

Fontanelles

97
Q

vertebrae efore birth ____ : then ____ fuse

A

Before birth 33 : then 9 fuse

98
Q

STRUCTURES OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRAE

A
  1. Body, or centrum
  2. Vertebral arch
  3. Vertebral foramen
  4. Transverse processes
  5. Spinous process
  6. Superior articular process and inferior articular process
99
Q

disc-like, weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column.

A

Body, or centrum

100
Q

arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body

A

Vertebral arch

100
Q

canal through which the spinal cord passes.

A

Vertebral foramen

101
Q

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.

A

Transverse processes

102
Q

single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch (actually the fused laminae).

A

Spinous process

103
Q

paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

A

Superior articular process and inferior articular process

104
Q

The superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull

A

Atlas (C1)

105
Q

acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull) above.

A

Axis (C2)

106
Q

____ are the lightest vertebrae

A

C3 to C7

107
Q

Vertebra that articulates with the ribs

A

THORACIC VERTEBRAE

108
Q

two costal facets which receives the head of the ribs:

A

Transverse process
Spinous process

109
Q

Articulates with the ribs

A

Transverse process

110
Q

Long and hooks sharply downward

A

Spinous process

111
Q

Had short hatchet shaped spinous process
& Sturdiest of the vertebrae

A

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

112
Q

Formed by fusion of the five vertebrae
Articulates with L5

A

SACRUM

113
Q

Formed from the fusion of 3-5 irregularly shaped vertebrae & Human Tailbone

A

COCCYX

114
Q

Forms a cage to protect major organs

A

THORACIC CAGE

115
Q

Thoracic cage consists of:

A
  1. Sternum
  2. Ribs
  3. Bony Thorax
116
Q

Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that cushions the vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing flexibility

A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN – SPINE

117
Q
A

ANAPHY (miss nat) (7 decks)

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