SKELETAL (MIDTERM) Flashcards
1
Q
skeleton comes from the Greek word meaning
A
“dried-up body”
2
Q
comes from the Greek word meaning “dried-up body”
A
skeleton
3
Q
skeleton is constructed of two of the most supportive tissue found in the human body— ______ and _______.
A
cartilage
bone
4
Q
In embryos, the skeleton is composed mainly of ___________
A
hyaline cartilage
5
Q
in adults, most of the cartilage is replaced by _______
A
skeleton
6
Q
The adult skeleton has _____ bones
A
206
7
Q
5 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A
- Support of the body
- Protection of soft organs
- Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
- Storage of minerals (Ca and P) and fats
- Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis
8
Q
TWO DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON
A
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
9
Q
those bones that form the body’s longitudinal axis
A
AXIAL SKELETON
10
Q
bones of the girdles and limbs
A
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
11
Q
Axial skeleton is divided into three parts:
A
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- Bony thorax (thoracic cage)
12
Q
TWO BASIC TYPES OF OSSEOUS - BONE TISSUE
A
- compact bone
- spongy bone
13
Q
a type of osseous - bone tissue that is dense and Homogeneous
A
compact bone
14
Q
a type of osseous - bone tissue that is small needle-like pieces of bone and has many open spaces
A
spongy bone
15
Q
4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES
A
- LONG BONES
- SHORT BONES
- FLAT BONES
- IRREGULAR BONES
16
Q
much longer than they are wide and generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end and is mostly compact bone
A
LONG BONES
17
Q
are typically cube-shaped, and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone.
A
SHORT BONES
18
Q
generally thin, with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two waferlike layers of compact bone
A
FLAT BONES
19
Q
are bones that do not fall into one of the preceding categories
A
IRREGULAR BONES
20
Q
Vertebra is an example of:
A
IRREGULAR BONE
21
Q
Bones of the skull is an example of:
A
FLAT BONE
22
Q
Femur/ phalanges is an example of:
A
LONG BONE
23
Q
Tarsals/ carpals is an example of:
A
SHORT BONE
24
Q
GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
A
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
25
Shaft - length & Composed of compact bone
DIAPHYSIS
26
Ends of the bone & Composed mostly of spongy bone
EPIPHYSIS
27
STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE (7)
1. Periosteum
2. Sharpey’s fibers
3. Arteries
4. Articular cartilage
5. Epiphysial Line
6. Endosteoum
7. Medullary cavity
28
* Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
* Made of glassy hyaline cartilage
* Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Articular cartilage
29
* Thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area
* remnant of the epiphyseal plate (a flat plate of hyaline cartilage) seen in a young, growing bone
Epiphysial Line
30
Inner bony surface
Endosteoum
31
* Outside covering of the diaphysis
* Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Periosteum
32
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Sharpey’s fibers
33
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Arteries
34
* Cavity of the shaft
* Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
* Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Medullary cavity
35
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE (6)
1. Osteon (Haversian System)
2. Central (Haversian) canal
3. Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
4. Lacunae
5. Lamellae
6. Canaliculi
36
A unit of bone
Osteon
37
* Opening in the center of an osteon
* Carries blood vessels and nerves
Central (Haversian) canal
38
* Canal perpendicular to the central canal
* Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
39
* Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
* concentric rings
Lacunae
40
* Rings around the central canal
* Sites of lacunae
Lamellae
41
* Tiny canals
* Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
* Form a transport system
Canaliculi
42
Cartilage remains in isolated areas:
1. Bridge of the nose
2. Parts of ribs
3. Joints
43
Categories of bone markings (2)
1. Projections or processes
2. Depressions or cavities
44
grow out from the bone surface
Projections or processes
45
indentations
Depressions or cavities
46
___________ allow for growth of long bone during childhood
Epiphyseal plates
47
Older cartilage becomes ______
ossified
48
ossification done by bone-forming cells called ___________
osteoblasts
49
Bones grow in width is called ____
appositional growth
50
TYPES OF BONE CELLS
1. Osteocytes
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoclasts
51
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
52
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
53
Bone-destroying cells & Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Osteoclasts
54
__________ is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone remodeling
55
Two sets of bones
1. Cranium
2. Facial bones
56
Bones are joined by ______, an interlocking, immovable joints
sutures
57
Only the _______ is attached by a freely movable joint
mandible
58
BONES IN CRANIUM
1. Frontal Bone
2. Parietal
3. Temporal Bones
4. Occipital Bone
5. Sphenoid Bone
6. Ethmoid Bone
59
forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
FRONTAL BONE
60
Form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium
PARIETAL
61
_________ is formed at the midline where the two parietal bones meet and the coronal suture is formed where the paired parietal bones meet the frontal bone.
sagittal suture
62
Lie inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures.
TEMPORAL BONES
63
bone markings appear on the temporal bones (5)
1. external acoustic meatus
2. styloid process
3. zygomatic process
4. mastoid process
5. jugular foramen
64
a sharp, needle-like projection, is just inferior to the external auditory meatus. Many neck muscles use this process as an attachment point.
styloid process
65
a canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear. It is the route by which sound enters the ear
external acoustic meatus
66
a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly
zygomatic process
67
full of air cavities (the mastoid sinuses), is a rough projection posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus. It provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck
mastoid process
68
at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones, allows passage of the jugular vein, the largest vein of the head, which drains blood from the brain
jugular foramen
69
Most posterior bone of the cranium
OCCIPITAL BONE
70
In the base of the occipital bone is a large opening, the ___________ which allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain
foramen magnum
71
Lateral to the foramen magnum on each side are the rocker-like ______, which rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column
occipital condyles
72
The butterfly-shaped _______ spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
sphenoid bone
73
In the midline of the sphenoid is a small depression, the _______, or Turk’s saddle, which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
74
a large oval opening in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica, allows fibers of cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible).
foramen ovale
75
which allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye, and the slit-like superior orbital fissure, through which the cranial nerves controlling eye movements
optic canal
76
The central part of the sphenoid bone is riddled with air cavities
sphenoidal sinuses
77
irregularly shaped and lies anterior to the Sphenoid; It forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits.
ETHMOID BONE
78
literally “cock’s comb” projects from the superior surface. The outermost covering of the brain attaches to this projection.
crista galli
79
On each side of the crista galli are many small holes. These holey areas allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory (smell) receptors of the nose to reach the brain.
cribriform plates
80
Extensions of the ethmoid bone and form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
the superior nasal conchae and middle nasal conchae
81
FACIAL BONES
1. Maxillae
2. Zygomatic Bones
3. Lacrimal Bones
4. Nasal Bones
5. Vomer Bone
6. Inferior Nasal Conchae
7. Mandible
82
fuse to form the upper jaw. they are the main, or “keystone,” bones of the face. It carry the upper teeth in the alveolar process.
Maxillae
83
Extensions of the maxillae called the _______ form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth.
palatine processes
84
Maxillae contain sinuses, which drain into the nasal. These ________, whose naming reveals their position surrounding the nasal cavity, lighten the skull bones and amplify the sounds we make as we speak
paranasal sinuses
85
commonly referred to as the cheekbones
Zygomatic Bones
86
are fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial wall of each orbit
lacrimal bones
87
small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
88
Single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity
vomer bone
89
are thin, curved bones projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
inferior Nasal Conchae
90
lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone of the face
mandible
91
Functions of paranasal sinuses
1. Lighten the skull
2. Give resonance and amplification to voice
92
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
PARANASAL SINUSES
93
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
HYOID BONE
94
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue and as an attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx when we swallow and speak
HYOID BONE
95
large compared to the infants total body length
FETAL SKULL
96
A fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Fontanelles
97
vertebrae efore birth ____ : then ____ fuse
Before birth 33 : then 9 fuse
98
STRUCTURES OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
1. Body, or centrum
2. Vertebral arch
3. Vertebral foramen
4. Transverse processes
5. Spinous process
6. Superior articular process and inferior articular process
99
disc-like, weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column.
Body, or centrum
100
arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body
Vertebral arch
100
canal through which the spinal cord passes.
Vertebral foramen
101
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.
Transverse processes
102
single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch (actually the fused laminae).
Spinous process
103
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae
Superior articular process and inferior articular process
104
The superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull
Atlas (C1)
105
acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull) above.
Axis (C2)
106
____ are the lightest vertebrae
C3 to C7
107
Vertebra that articulates with the ribs
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
108
two costal facets which receives the head of the ribs:
Transverse process
Spinous process
109
Articulates with the ribs
Transverse process
110
Long and hooks sharply downward
Spinous process
111
Had short hatchet shaped spinous process
& Sturdiest of the vertebrae
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
112
Formed by fusion of the five vertebrae
Articulates with L5
SACRUM
113
Formed from the fusion of 3-5 irregularly shaped vertebrae & Human Tailbone
COCCYX
114
Forms a cage to protect major organs
THORACIC CAGE
115
Thoracic cage consists of:
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
3. Bony Thorax
116
Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that cushions the vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing flexibility
VERTEBRAL COLUMN – SPINE
117
