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ANAPHY (miss nat) > CELLS AND TISSUES > Flashcards

CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

• Structural units of all living things
• Human body contains 50-100 trillion of _____

A

CELLS

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2
Q

Discovered by ______ and named then as “cells”

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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3
Q

3 main regions of cell

A

NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
PLASMA MEMBRANE

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4
Q

Control center of the cell and contains genetic material (DNA)

A

NUCLEUS

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5
Q

• Barrier of the nucleus
• Consists of a selectively permeable,
double phospholipid membrane
• Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

A

Nuclear Membrane

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6
Q

3 regions of nucleus

A

• Nuclear membrane
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin

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7
Q

Cells are not all the same in terms of:

A

SIZE
SHAPE
FUNCTION

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8
Q

containing the nucleoli and chromatin – fluid similar to
cytoplasm

A

NUCLEOPLASM

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9
Q

Sites of ribosome production and partial assembly

A

NUCLEOLI

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10
Q

• Composed of unwound DNA and protein – used for making proteins
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

A

CHROMATIN

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11
Q

• Barrier for cell contents
• Semi-permeable, Double phospholipid layer

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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12
Q

plasma membrane consists of Hydrophilic heads which means ______ and Hydrophobic tail means _______

A

Hydrophilic heads – water loving Hydrophobic tails – water fearing

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13
Q

Other materials in plasma membrane

A

• Protein – receptors, cell recognition and communication, channels for transport
• Cholesterol – keep membrane fluid and stable
• Glycoproteins – receptors, cell-to-cell interactions

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14
Q

plasma membrane specializations

A

MICROVILLI
MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS

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15
Q

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

A

MICROVILLI

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16
Q

Tight junctions – impermeable, leakproof sheets
• Desmosomes – anchorings that prevent cells from being separated
• Gap junctions – allow communication between cells through connexons that
span the two cell membranes

A

MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS

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17
Q

Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A

CYTOPLASM

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18
Q

Fluid containing nutrients dissolved in water that suspends other elements

A

CYTOSOL

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19
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell

A

ORGANELLES

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20
Q

Non-functioning units – stored nutrients such as fat droplets, glycogen granules, pigments, and mucus

A

INCLUSIONS

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles

A

MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLDI APPARATUS
LYSOSOMES
PEROXISOMES
CYTOSKELETON
CENTRIOLES

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22
Q

• “Powerhouses” of the cell
• Change shape continuously
• Has a double membrane and had its own DNA
• Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food – cell respiration
• Provides ATP for cellular energy

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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23
Q

• Made of protein and RNA
• Sites of protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMES

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24
Q

Ribosomes can be found at two locations:

A
  1. Free in the cytoplasm
  2. Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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25
Q

Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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26
Q

a type of ER that is Studded with ribosomes and a Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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27
Q

a type of ER that Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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28
Q

• Modifies and packages proteins
• Produces different types of packages
• Secretory vesicles – contain proteins for export
• Cell membrane components to be added to the plasma membrane
• Lysosomes – contain hydrolytic enzymes

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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29
Q

Contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell such as old organelles as well as bacteria and viruses

A

LYSOSOMES

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30
Q

• Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
• Detoxify harmful substances using O2
• Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals with free electrons)
• Replicate by pinching in half

A

PEROXISOMES

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31
Q

• Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
• Provides the cell with an internal framework
• Determines cell shape, supports organelles, provides path for intracellular transport, involved in cell movement

A

PEROXISOMES

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32
Q

3 Different Types of Cytoskeleton

A

MICROFILAMENTS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MICROTOBULES

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33
Q

cell motility and changed in cell shape – actin and myosin

A

MICROFILAMENTS

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34
Q

help form desmosomes and internal guy wires

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

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35
Q

determine overall shape of a cell and location of organelles

A

MICROTOBULES

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36
Q

• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules that lie at right angles to each other and near the nucleus
• Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

A

CENTRIOLES

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37
Q

• Not found in all cells
• Used for movement

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

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38
Q

moves materials across the cell
surface – usually short and many

A

CILIA

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39
Q

propels the cell – usually long and few in number

A

FLAGELLUM

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40
Q

homogeneous mixture of two or more components (solute and solvent)

A

SOLUTION

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41
Q

dissolving medium

A

SOLVENT

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42
Q

components in smaller quantities within a solution

A

SOLUTES

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43
Q

nucleoplasm and cytosol

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

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44
Q

fluid on the exterior of the cell

A

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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45
Q

movement of substance into and out of the cell

A

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

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46
Q

two basic methods of membrane transport

A
  1. Passive Transport
  2. Active Transport
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47
Q

a method of transport where no energy us requires

A

Passive Transport

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48
Q

a method of transport where the cell must provide metabolic energy

A

Active Transport

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49
Q

Selectively permeable

A

membranes

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50
Q

allows some materials to pass while excluding others

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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51
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESSES

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Filtration
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52
Q

Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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53
Q

Movement is due to kinetic energy in the molecules and affected by size and temperature

A

Diffusion

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54
Q

Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

A

DIFFUSION

55
Q

Types of Diffusion

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated Diffusion
56
Q

• Passive diffusion
• Unassisted process
• Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

A

Simple diffusion

57
Q

• simple diffusion of water
• Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
• Occurs all the time

A

Osmosis

58
Q

• Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
• Still moving down concentration gradient and so no energy is needed

A

Facilitated Diffusion

59
Q

• Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
• pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area

A

Filtration

60
Q

Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion

A

• They may be too large
• They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane
• They may have to move against a concentration gradient

61
Q

Two common forms of active transport

A

• Solute pumping
• Bulk transport

62
Q

•Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by solute pumps
• ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
• Can transport different molecules different directions such as the sodium-potassium pump

A

SOLUTE PUMPING

63
Q

• Moves materials out of the cell
• Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
•Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
• Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
• Material is emptied to the outside

A

BULK TRANSPORT (Exocytosis)

64
Q

• Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous
vescicle

A

BULK TRANSPORT (endocytosis)

65
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

• Phagocytosis - cell eating
• Pinocytosis - cell drinking

66
Q

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides

A

CELL LIFE CYCLE

67
Q

two(2) major periods of cells

A
  1. Interphase – metabolic phase
  2. Cell division
68
Q

• Longest phase where the cell grows
• Cell carries on metabolic processes

A

INTERPHASE

69
Q

• Cell replicates itself
• Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes

A

Cell division

70
Q

• Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells
• Occurs toward the end of interphase
• DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template

A

DNA REPLICATION

71
Q

EVENTS OF CELL DIVISION

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Cytokines
72
Q

• Division of the nucleus
• Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

73
Q

• Division of the cytoplasm
• Begins when mitosis is near completion
• Results in the formation of two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

74
Q

stages of mitosis

A

INTERPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

75
Q

• No cell division occurs
• The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth

A

INTERPHASE

76
Q

• First part of cell division
• Centromeres migrate to the poles and direct the assembly of the mitotic spindle
• Chromosomes form

A

PROPHASE

77
Q

Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell

A

METAPHASE

78
Q

• Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
• The cell begins to elongate

A

ANAPHASE

79
Q

• Daughter nuclei begin forming
• A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form and finished dividing the cell into two by the end of cytokinesis
• Everything from prophase is reversed

A

TELOPHASE

80
Q

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein

A

GENE

81
Q

FUNCTION OF PROTEIN (2)

A

• Building materials for cells
• Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)

82
Q

essential for protein synthesis

A

RNA

83
Q

ROLES OF RNA

A
  1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
    • Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
    • Helps form the ribosomes along with proteins where proteins are built
  3. Messenger (mRNA)
    • Carries the instructions for building a
    protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
84
Q

Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

85
Q

Helps form the ribosomes along with proteins where proteins are built

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

86
Q

Carries the instructions for building a
protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

A

Messenger (mRNA)

87
Q

Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA – switching T for U

A

TRANSCRIPTION

88
Q

Base sequence of mRNA is translated to an amino acid sequence based on codon/anticodon complements

A

TRANSLATION

89
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

AMINO ACID

90
Q

Four primary types of body tissues

A

• Epithelium (for covering)
• Connective tissue (for support)
• Nervous tissue (for control)
• Muscle (for movement)

91
Q

Found in different areas
• Body coverings
• Body linings
• Glandular tissue

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

92
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

• Protection
• Absorption
• Filtration
• Secretion

93
Q

have no blood supply

A

Avascular

94
Q

cell layers

A

• Simple (one layer)
• Stratified (more than one layer)

95
Q

Shape of cells

A

• Squamous (flattened)
• Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
• Columnar (column-like)

96
Q

• Single layer of flat cells
• Usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange occurs

A

Simple Squamous

97
Q

Function of Simple Squamous

A

• Lines body cavities – serous membranes
• Lines lungs and capillaries

98
Q

• Single layer of cube-
like cells
• Common in glands and their ducts
• Forms walls
of kidney tubules
• Covers the ovaries

A

Simple Cubodial

99
Q

• Single layer of tall cells that fit closely together
• Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
• Lines digestive tract

A

Simple Columnar

100
Q

mucous membranes line body cavities open to the body exterior

A

Mucosae

101
Q

• Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
• Often looks like a double cell layer
• Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract
• May function in absorption or secretion

A

Pseudostratified columnar

102
Q

• Cells at the free edge are flattened while cells close to the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar
• Found as a protective covering where friction is common

Locations:
• Skin
• Mouth
• Esophagus

A

Stratified squamous

103
Q

• Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape

A

Stratified columnar

104
Q

• Rare in human body
• Found mainly in ducts of large glands

A

Stratified cuboidal and columnar

105
Q

• Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
• Cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar while those at the free surface vary
• Lines organs of the urinary system

A

Transitional epithelium

106
Q

one or more cells that secretes a particular product – a secretion, which contains
protein molecules in an aqueous fluid

A

GLAND

107
Q

Two major gland types

A
  1. Endocrine gland
  2. Exocrine gland
108
Q

• Ductless
• Secretions are hormones – diffuse into blood

A

ENDOCRINE GLAND

109
Q

• Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
• Include sweat and oil glands

A

EXOCRINE GLAND

110
Q

• Found everywhere in the body
• Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues

A

Connective Tissue

111
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

• Binds body tissues together
• Supports the body
• Provides protection

112
Q

Non-living material that surrounds living cells

A

Extracellular matrix

113
Q

Two main elements

A
  1. Ground substance
    - mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
  2. Fibers
    - Produced by the cells
114
Q

Three types of Fibers

A

• Collagen fibers
• Elastic fibers
• Reticular fibers

115
Q

Types of Connective Tissues (6)

A
  1. Bone (osseous tissue)
  2. Hyaline cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
  4. Elastic cartilage
  5. Dense connective tissue
116
Q

Used to protect and support the body
Composed of:
• Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
• Hard matrix of calcium salts
• Large numbers of collagen fibers

A

Bone (osseous tissue)

117
Q

• Most common cartilage
• Abundant collagen fibers
• Rubbery matrix
• Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

118
Q

• Highly compressible
• Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

A

Fibrocartilage

119
Q

• Provides elasticity
• Example: supports the external ear

A

Elastic cartilage

120
Q

• Main matrix element is collagen fibers
• Crowed between the collagen fibers are rows of cells called fibroblasts

A

Dense connective tissue

121
Q

• Most widely distributed connective tissue
• Soft, pliable tissue
• Functions as universal packing tissue and connective tissue glue
• Contains all fiber types
• Can soak up excess fluid

A

Areolar connective tissue

122
Q

• Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
globules predominate
• Many cells contain large lipid deposits
Functions
• Insulates the body
• Protects some organs
• Serves as a site of fuel storage

A

Adipose tissue

123
Q

• Delicate network of interwoven fibers
• Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Bone marrow

A

Reticular connective tissue

124
Q

• Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
• Fibers are visible during clotting
• Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

A

Blood

125
Q

Function is to produce movement by contracting or shortening

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

126
Q

Three types of Muscle Tissue

A

• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

127
Q

• Can be controlled voluntarily
• Cells attach to connective tissue
• Cells are striated
• Cells have more than one nucleus

A

Skeletal muscle

128
Q

• Found only in the heart
• Function is to pump blood (involuntary)
• Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
• Cells are striated
• One nucleus per cell

A

Cardiac muscle

129
Q

• Involuntary muscle
• Surrounds hollow organs
• Attached to other smooth muscle cells
• No visible striations
• One nucleus per cell
•Spindle shaped

A

Smooth muscle – visceral muscle

130
Q

• Neurons and nerve supporting cells (those that insulate, support, and protect neurons)
• Function is to receive and send impulses to other areas of the body
• Irritability
•Conductivity

A

Nervous Tissue

131
Q

Tissue Repair (wound Healing)

A

• Regeneration
• Fibrosis
• Determination of method

132
Q

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

A

Regeneration

133
Q

Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

A

Fibrosis

134
Q
  • Type of tissue damaged
  • Severity of the injury
A

Determination of method

ANAPHY (miss nat) (7 decks)

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