CARDIO (FINALS) Flashcards
1
Q
The _____ pumps blood
A
heart
2
Q
______ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
A
Blood vessels
3
Q
FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (2)
A
- to deliver oxygen and nutrients
- to remove carbon dioxide and other waste product
4
Q
location of the heart
A
Thorax between the lungs
(mediastinum)
5
Q
a double serous membrane
which encloses the heart made up of three layers
A
Pericardium
5
Q
helps protect the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures
A
Fibrous pericardium
6
Q
Slippery, two-layered serous pericardium
A
Serous pericardium
7
Q
2 kind of Serous pericardium
A
- Visceral pericardium/ epicardium
- Parietal pericardium
8
Q
Part of the heart wall
A
Visceral pericardium/ epicardium
9
Q
Outside layer lines the interior of the
fibrous pericardium
A
Parietal pericardium
10
Q
fills the space between the layers of pericardium (pericardial cavity) allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless
environment
A
serous fluid
11
Q
3 layers of heart wall
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
12
Q
o Middle layer
o Mostly cardiac muscle
o consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike
arrangements
A
Myocardium
12
Q
- Outside layer
- This layer is the parietal pericardium
- Connective tissue layer
A
Epicardium
12
Q
o Inner layer
o is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium
that lines the heart chambers
A
Endocardium
12
Q
Receiving chambers which assists in
filling the ventricles
A
atria
12
Q
Four chambers of the heart:
A
- Right atrium
- Left atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left ventricle
12
Q
Divides the atria
A
Interatrial Septum
12
Q
Right and left side chambers in act as ____
A
separate pumps
12
Q
Leaves left ventricle
A
Aorta
12
Q
Discharging chambers/ actual
pumps of the heart
A
ventricle
12
Q
Divides the ventricles
A
Interventricular septum
12
Q
This second circuit, from the left ventricle through the body tissues and back to the right atrium
A
Systemic Circulation
12
Q
This circuit, from the right ventricle (the
pump) to the lungs and back to the left
atrium (receiving chamber)
A
Pulmonary Circulation
13
Allow blood to flow in only one direction. It is open as blood is pumped through
heart valves
13
Four valves:
1. Bicuspid valve (left)
2. Tricuspid valve (right)
3. Pulmonary semilunar valve
4. Aortic semilunar valve
13
Leave right ventricle
Pulmonary Trunk (right and left pulmonary artery)
13
Enter left atrium
Pulmonary veins (four)
13
heart valves held in place by ___________ or “heart strings”
chordae tendineae
13
Enters right atrium
Vena cava (superior and inferior)
13
valves between atria
and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves)
13
literally, “tendinous cords” anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricles
chordae tendineae
13
valves between ventricle and artery
Semilunar valves
(Pulmonary & Aortic semilunar valve)
13
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the ________
myocardium
14
nourishing circulatory
system of heart:
1. Coronary arteries
2. Cardiac veins
15
______ can and do contract
spontaneously and independently
Cardiac muscle cells
15
Blood empties into the right atrium via the ______
coronary sinus
16
Enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart where the myocardium drains blood
Coronary sinus
16
Coronary arteries major branches:
o Anterior interventricular artery
o Circumflex artery
o Posterior interventricular artery
o Marginal artery
17
This system causes heart muscle depolarization in
only one direction— from the atria to the
ventricles
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
17
____ quarts or ___- gallons per day
6,000 quarts or 1500 gallons
18
composed of a special tissue found nowhere else in the body; it is much like a cross
between muscle and nervous tissue.
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
19
Special tissue sets the pace:
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle
4. Bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
20
Pacemaker; crescent-shape node of tissue. Located in the right atrium
Sinoatrial node
21
node at the junction of the atria and ventricle
Atrioventricular node
22
Bundle of His
Atrioventricular bundle
22
Contraction is initiated by the _______
sinoatrial node
23
Sequential stimulation occurs at other _______
autorhythmic cells
24
Events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
CARDIAC CYCLE
25
One cardiac cycle is at ____ second
0.8 second
25
Atria ____; ventricles ______
relax; contract
25
Diastole = ______
relaxation
25
Heart is completely relaxed. Pressure of the heart is low and AV valves are open and
semilunar valves are closed
Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
25
Beats approx. at ___ times per minutes
75 times per minutes
25
Systole = ________
contraction
25
As ventricular diastole begins, the pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the major arteries, and the semilunar valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles.
Isovolumetric relaxation
25
ventricles remain in diastole as the atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles to
complete ventricular filling
Atrial systole
25
Atrial systole ends, and ventricular systole begins. The initial rise in intraventricular pressure closes the AV valves, preventing backflow of blood into the atria.
Isovolumetric contraction
26
The ventricles are completely closed chambers and intraventricular pressure continues to decrease.
Isovolumetric relaxation
26
The atria have been in diastole, filling with blood. When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open, and the cycle repeats.
Isovolumetric relaxation
26
The ventricles continue to contract, causing
the intraventricular pressure to surpass the
pressure in the major arteries leaving the
heart
Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
26
events of one complete heart beat
Cardiac cycle
26
blood flows into
ventricles
Mid-to-late diastole
27
blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
Ventricular systole
27
atria finish re-filling,
ventricular pressure is low
Early diastole
28
The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the ______
closing of the AV valves
28
The second heart sound (dup) occurs when
the ____ close at the end of
___________
semilunar valves close at the end of ventricular systole
29
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
cardiac output
30
CO = (_____) x (_____)
(heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
31
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction. Approx. 70ml per beat
stroke volume
32
the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction
Starling’s law of the heart
32
_____ is the most common
way to change cardiac output
Changing heart rate
33
Decreased heart rate is caused by
o Parasympathetic nervous system
o High blood pressure or blood volume
o Decreased venous retur
33
Increased heart rate is caused by
Sympathetic nervous system
Hormones
Exercise
Decreased blood volume
34
Taking blood to the tissues and back
VASCULAR SYSTEM
35
the nerves of the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system more strongly
stimulate the SA and AV nodes and the
cardiac muscle itself
Neural (ANS) controls
36
can have a
dramatic effect on heart activity such as Epinephrine/Thyroxine
Hormones and Ions
37
A number of _______ including age, gender, exercise, and body temperature,
influence heart rate.
physical factors
38
BLOOD VESSELS
Three layers (tunics)
1. Tunic intima
2. Tunic media
3. Tunic externa
38
a tunic endothelium
Tunic intima
39
a tunic composed of Smooth muscle and Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
Tunic media
40
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Tunic externa
40
FACTORS MODIFYING BASIC HEART RATE (3)
1. Neural (ANS) controls
2. Hormones and Ions
3. Physical Factors
41
Walls of arteries are the ___
thickest
42
Lumens of veins are ___
larger
43
_______ are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between
blood and tissue
Walls of capillaries
44
Veins use the ____ to
help move blood
milking action of muscles
45
CAPILLARY BEDS Consist of two types of vessels:
1. Vascular shunt
2. True capillaries
46
Skeletal muscle “____” blood in veins toward the heart
"milks"
47
a vessel that directly connects an arteriole to a
venule
Vascular shunt
47
- exchange vessels
- Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
- Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
True capillaries
48
pressure wave of blood
Pulse
49
pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
Systolic
50
pressure when ventricles relax
Diastolic
51
Pressure in blood vessels _____ as the distance away from the heart _______
decreases;; increases
52
BLOOD PRESSURE: EFFECTS OF FACTORS
1. Neural factors
2. Renal factors
3. Temperature
4. Chemicals
5. Diet
53
Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
Neural factors
54
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renal factors
54
hormonal control
renin
55
Heat has a _____ effect; Cold has a _____ effect
heat: vasodilation
cold: vasoconstricting
56
gaps in the capillaries
intercellular
clefts
57
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
is due to _____
concentration gradients
58
Normal range is ___mm Hg systolic and ___mm Hg diastolic
140–110 mm Hg systolic;
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
