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Cell and Tissue Structure > Skeletal connective tissue L5 > Flashcards

Skeletal connective tissue L5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is specialised connective tissue characterised by

A

Dominance of matrix

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of specialised connective tissue?

A

Cartilage: semisolid matrix (semi-rigid structure), bone: calcified matrix and blood: liquid matrix

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3
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

Cells (chondrocytes) which occurs within spaces in the matrix called lacunae, fibers which is a dense network of collagen and/or elastin fibers and matrix (proteoglycans, ground substance)

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4
Q

What is function of lymphatic system?

A

to remain normal blood volume and other liquids

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5
Q

What are the 3 cartilage cells?

A

Mesenchymal cell and chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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6
Q

What is the function of mesenchymal cells?

A

Differentiate into chondroblasts

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7
Q

What are the 5 steps of cartilage formation:

A
  1. Chondrification - genesis. Mesenchymal cells differentiate chondroblast
  2. Chondroblasts proliferate and synthesise ground substance and fibrous extracellular matrix
  3. Chondroblasts separate into spaces (lacunae)
  4. More divisions form clusters (isogenous gaps)
  5. These chondrocytes are embedded in extracellular matrix
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8
Q

What must you remember in regards to B and C

A

B BEFORE C = chondroBlasts before chondroCytes

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9
Q

What is ossification?

A

When cartilage is replaced by bone in the body

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10
Q

What are the 2 methods of growth in cartilage?

A

Appositional growth and interstitial tissue growth

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11
Q

What is interstitial tissue growth?

A

Increasing in LENGTH; specific for endochondral bone formation; chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix from
within their lacunae

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12
Q

How many bones in an adult?

A

206 bones

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13
Q

How many bones in infants?

A

About 300

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14
Q

What are the 8 bone functions?

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Hematopoiesis
  5. Mineral storage
  6. Acid-base balance
  7. Detoxification
  8. Sound transduction
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15
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Makes red blood cells in red bone marrow

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16
Q

What is the mineral storage in bone?

A

Acts as a calcium reservoir, maintaining calcium and phosphorus equilibrium

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17
Q

What does the acid-base balance do in bone?

A

Buffers blood against excessive pH changed by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts

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18
Q

What does the function of detoxification do in bone?

A

Stores heavy metals and foreign elements.

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19
Q

What is sound transduction?

A

In mechanical aspect of hearing

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of bone? HINT C+C

A

Cortical/compact bone and Cancellous/Trabecular/Spongy bone

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21
Q

What % of skeletal mass is cortical bone?

A

80%

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22
Q

What is the physical description of cortical bone?

A

Dense protective shell

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23
Q

What is the location of cortical bone?

A

Around all bones, beneath periosteum. Primarily in the shafts of long bones

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24
Q

What % of skeletal mass is cancellous bone?

A

20%

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25
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Periosteum’s function is to nourishes the bone, it is rich in nutrients and capillaries.

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26
Q

What is the location of the cancellous bone?

A

In the vertebra, flat bones for example the pelvis and the ends of long bones

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27
Q

What is the physical description of cancellous bone?

A

Rigid lattice designed for strength; Interstices are
filled with marrow

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28
Q

What can osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells means it can divide and make new cells

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29
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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30
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Form bone stem cells and make osteoblasts and osteocytes

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31
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

They are bone forming cells and immature bone cells that have lots of rough ER for collagen synthesis

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32
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Act as inactive osteoblasts and they are the most abundant cell found in bone

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33
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

They are phagocytic cells that erode bone and bone resorption and remodelling

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34
Q

What happens at bone fractures?

A

When a bone fractures a blood clot forms at fracture site (6-8h) and this is replaced by collagen tissue. Then chondroblasts lay down cartilage (provisional callus) (2-3 weeks). Osteoblasts then lay down woven bone
(bony callus) (3-4 months). This bony callus then remodelled to mature lamellar bone

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35
Q

What are the 5 types of fractures?

A

Simple, stress, comminuted, greenstick, compound/impacted

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification/osteogenesis?

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

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37
Q

Where is 99% of the body’s Ca^2+ ?

A

In bone approx 1kg

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38
Q

What is ossification/osteogenesis?

A

Modelling bone

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39
Q

What are the 2 Ca^2+ compartments?

A

Bone fluid and Mineralised bone

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40
Q

What happens in the bone fluid Calcium compartment?

A

Fast exchange of calcium by pumps

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41
Q

What happens in the mineralised bone compartment of Calcium?

A

There is a slow exchange by bone resorption and osteoclasts phagocytic activity is increased and the Calcium ions are released during low Ca^2+ levels

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42
Q
A

Greenstisck happens a lot in children, where 1 side of bone is broken and other part is not

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43
Q

What does a stress fracture mean?

A

stress fracture is when it keeps breaking

44
Q

What are the 8 hormones that regulate bone growth and loss?

A

Vitamin D, Growth hormone, Oestrogen, Calcitonin, Cortisol, Parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid and Vitamin A

45
Q

Which hormones are associated with bone growth?

A

Vitamin D, Growth hormone, Oestrogen and Calcitonin

46
Q

How do hormones regulate bone growth?

A

They activate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclast function

47
Q

How does vitamin D regulate bone growth?

A

By promoting osteoblast differentiation

48
Q

How does Growth hormones regulate bone growth?

A

By promoting osteoblast functions

49
Q

How does Oestrogen regulate bone growth?

A

Inhibits osteoclast

50
Q

How does Calcitonin regulate bone growth?

A

Inhibits osteoclast

51
Q

What is cartilage?

A

It is a semi-rigid dense connective tissue that is surrounded by a membrane called the perichondrium

52
Q

Does cartilage have lymphatic vessels?

A

No

53
Q

Is there blood vessels or nerves in cartilage?

A

No blood vessels (avascular) or nerves except in perichondrium

54
Q

What is cartilage nourished by?

A

Diffusion or gases and nutrients

55
Q

What is the function of chondroblasts?

A

To make ground substance and matrix

56
Q

What is the function of chondroblasts?

A

To make ground substance and matrix

57
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Mature cells, embedded in matrix

58
Q

Where is the skeletal system derived from in embryogenesis?

A

The mesoderm germ layer, most skeleton is cartilage

59
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Increasing in GIRTH or WIDTH; chondroblasts deposit
collagen/matrix on surface of pre-existing cartilage

60
Q

What do chondrocytes occupy?

A

Hallow space

61
Q

What do chondrocytes make?

A

Ground substance and fibrous elements

62
Q

What are chondrocytes surrounded by?

A

Its own secreted matrix

63
Q

What are 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

64
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

It is the most abundant cartilage that provides support through flexibility. Known as “glassy”. Found in articular cartilages and costal cartilage, larynx, trachea and nose.

65
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

It has many elastic fibers and is able to tolerate repeated bending. Found in ear and epiglottis.

66
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage resists strong compression and strong tension. It is an intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage. It is found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis.

67
Q

What type of cartilage shows the most damage? Talk about all 3(4)

A

Hyaline cartilage is easily damaged and has limited repair whereas elastic and fibrocartilage shows less damage or aging. Articular cartilage does not repair.

68
Q

Why does cartilage have limited repair capabilities?

A

Chondrocytes are bound in hallow spaces and they cannot migrate to damaged areas to make new matrix

69
Q

What is damaged cartilage replaced by?

A

Fibrocartilage scar tissue

70
Q

Why is there no issue of rejection with a cartilage transplantation?

A

The antigenic power of cartilage is low and the immune system cells poorly diffuse cartilage

71
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Arthritis is the degeneration of cartilage joints (articular cartilafe)

72
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

Dwarfism is the reduced proliferation of chondrocytes

73
Q

What is a herniated disk?

A

Herniated disk is when a disk cartilage ring ruptures, pushing into the spine.

74
Q

What are tumours (within skeletal connective tissue?

A

Cartilage cells give rise to benign known as chondroma tumours. Malignant tumours do not usually occur in cartilage they happen in bone.

75
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Lack of Vitamin C needed to make collagen which results in defective cartilage and bone

76
Q

What is polychondritis?

A

The inflammation and degeneration of cartilage

77
Q

What is chondromalacia?

A

The degeneration of joint cartilage (at knees)

78
Q

What is chondrodysplasia?

A

Hereditary bone dysplasia

79
Q

What is Costochondritis?

A

Inflammation of rib cartilage causing chest pain

80
Q

What is Tietze’s syndrome?

A

Inflammation of cartilage that joins ribs to breast bone

81
Q

What is bone matrix composed of and in what percentages?

A

Organic materials (20%), Inorganic materials salts (70%) and water (10%)

82
Q

What inorganic materials salts is bone matrix made up of?

A

Mainly calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

83
Q

What organic materials is the bone matrix made up of?

A

i.e. Osteoid from osteoblasts. Type 1 Collagen fibers (90% of organic osteoid part), Glycosaaminoglycans and Ground substance proteoglycans

84
Q

What are the types of fixed macrophages? HINT THERE ARE 6

A
  1. Dust/Alveolar type (lungs)
  2. Histiocytes (connective tissue)
  3. Kupffer cells (liver)
  4. Microglial cells (nervous)
  5. Osteoclasts (bone)
  6. Sinusoidal lining cells (spleen)
85
Q

What do Osteoclasts (phagocytic cells) secrete?

A

They secrete organic acids and lysosomal proteolytic enzymes to erode bone

86
Q

What are the 4 steps of bone formation?

A
  1. Osteoblasts make and secrete collagen and organic matrix (osteoid)
  2. Osteoid then becomes calcified i.e. calcium deposition
  3. Osteoblasts secrete vesicles of alkaline phosphatase (AP)
  4. AP cause matrix mineralisation (gives rigidity and strength)
87
Q

What are bones?

A

Bones are solid network of living cells

88
Q

What happens in rickets and chronic renal failure in regards to calcium and phosphate levels?

A

There is inadequate calcium and phosphate ions in osteoid tissue and minerlaisation is low

89
Q

What is a mature type of bone and what are the 2 parts?

A

Mature describes an adult bone and can be compact or spongy. Also called lamellar bone

90
Q

What is a compact mature bone?

A

It is arranged in Haversian systems; found as dense layer on outside of bones

91
Q

What is a spongy mature bone?

A

It is trabecular in appearance and it is found in interior of the bone

92
Q

What is an immature a.ka. woven bone?

A

It is bone tissue initially deposited in skeleton in fetal life or after a fracture. Nonlamellar (woven), is irregularly arranged collagenous fibers in proteoglycan matrix

93
Q

Why does immature bone stain more intensely with hematoxylin?

A

Since it is not mineralized

94
Q

What is a long bone and what does it consist of?

A

Long bones are like the tibia and metacarpals. Consists of diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis and epiphyseal plate.

95
Q

How is long bone grown?

A

Growth by endrochondral ossification

96
Q

What is the diaphysis part of long bone?

A

It is the shaft consisting of marrow cavity surrounded by compact bone (little spongy bone between compact bone and marrow)

97
Q

What is the epiphysis part of long bone?

A

It is the expanded end; mainly spongy bone surrounded by thin outer shell of compact bone

98
Q

What is the metaphysis part of long bone?

A

It is the flared portion between diaphysis and and epiphysis

99
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate part of long bone?

A

It is the cartilage that separates epiphyseal and diaphyseal cavities which maintains growth process

100
Q

What is flat bone?

A

Thin and plate like, bones of skull and sternum; growth by intramembranous ossification

101
Q

What does intramembranous ossification involve?

A

The direct chondrocytes lay down bone.

102
Q

How are intramembranous ossification fractures dealt with?

A

Fractures are treated with internal fixation with screws/pins

103
Q

What does endochondral ossification involve?

A

It involves cartilage as a precursor.

104
Q

How are endochondral ossification fractures treated?

A

Fractures of long bones are treated by plaster of Paris

105
Q

Which is the most common in terms of fracture healing?

A

Endochondral ossification

106
Q

What are the 5 types of fracture?

A
  1. Simple
  2. Compound / impacted
  3. Comminuted
  4. Greenstick
  5. Stress

Cell and Tissue Structure (8 decks)

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