Blood Fluid 1 Flashcards
How much of the total body weight does blood represent?
8% of total body weight
What is the average litres of blood in men and women?
5 Litres of blood in women and 5.5 in men
How many specialised cellular elements are suspended in the plasma? and what are they?
3: erthrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
What is the plasma?
liquid composition of the blood
What are albumins?
They are the most abundant plasma proteins
What are globulins and their 3 subclasses?
3 Subclasses:
1. alpha which transports molecules such as alpha1 antitrypsin
2. beta which inactivate precursor proteins such as proteases
3. gamma which are immunoglobulins - antibodies
Function of fibronigen?
Inactive precursor for the fibrin meshwork of a clot
What % do plasma proteins make up of plasma’s total weight?
6-8% of plasma’s total weight
What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins?
Albumins, Globulins and fibrinogen
What is fibrinogen important function for?
It is critical in process of blood clotting
What is the plasma oncotic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure about plasma proteins?
Proteins are the only solutes which do not pass freely between plasma and interstitial fluid
Thus it is only proteins which exert a significant osmotic
effect across capillary walls – important in distribution of
ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments so
important in the maintenance of circulatory volume
What is the function of water in the plasma and how much % does it make up of plasma?
Transport medium and carries heat
Makes up 90% of plasma
What is the function of electrolytes in the plasma?
Membrane excitability, osmotic distribution of fluid between ECF and ICF, buffer pH changes
What is the function of nutrients, wastes, gases and hormones in the plasma?
Transported in the blood blood gas carbon dioxide plays a role in acid-base balance
Leukocytes are split into what 2 classes?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Physical description of neutrophil?
Nucleus multiobed, inconspicuous, cytoplasmic granules, diameter: 10-12 micrometers
What is the difference between the 2 classes of leukocytes?
granulocytes have granules and agranulocytes do not
Which is the most common blood cell type?
Neutrophil is most common with 3000-6000 cells per mm^3 of blood
Lifespan of neutrophil?
6 hours to a few days
How long does a neutrophil take to develop?
6-9 days
Function of neutrophil?
Phagocytize bacteria
How would you identify a lymphocyte?
Nucleus is spherical or indented, pale blue cytoplasm and quite large, diameter 5-17 micrometers
Which is more common in the blood: lymphocytes or monocytes?
Lymphocyte is more prevalent then the monocytes in the blood
1500-3000 cells per microlitre of blood vs 100-700 cells per microlitre
Lifespan of lympocyte?
hours to year
Duration to make lymphocyte?
Days to weeks
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
What do red blood cells not have?
No nucleus, No organelles and no ribosomes
What is the most common blood cell?
Red blood cells
What is the physical description of eosinophil?
Nucleus is bilobed, red cytoplasmic granules, diamater is 10-14 micrometers
What is haemopoiesis?
Production of blood cells and blood lineages
What does an undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell go to? where does this take place?
non differentiated stem cell goes to myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell - takes place in bone marrow
What does the myeloid stem cell then become?
Myeloid stem cell is crucial for making granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and platelets
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
T and B lymphocytes
Why are red blood cells thin? What does this allow?
Thin structure allows rapid diffusion of oxygen between exterior and interior and cells and since no organelles they are very flexible to travel in and out of cells
How are the human blood groups classified?
Blood is classified according to what glycoproteins in their membranes are present on a person’s red blood cells.
What is an antigen?
Antigen term comes from term to make antibodies
What do Type A RBCs have?
They have A on RBCs and not B
Human blood groups - 3 important antigens on RBCs?
A, B and Rh: rhesus
What are the principles of blood matching?
- The immune system of the recipient will attack and destroy RBCs with “foreign” antigens.
- The immune system will not notice and will not be bothered by the absence of an antigen.
- The immune system will not attack “self” antigens.
What happens if you have blood group AB?
Can receive blood from anyone - RBCs have both A and B antigens
What are you known as if you have blood group AB?
Universal blood group
What happens if you have blood group O?
No antigens on blood cell, neither A nor B, so universal donor
Think zero/null
What is the most common blood group and what is the % across people in the US?
O: 45% from in white individuals
49% black individuals
40% asian individuals
79% native Americans
in the
What are the next most common blood groups after O?
A then next common, then B then AB
What test is used to test blood group type?
Agglutination used to test blood group type
What does Rh negative mean?
Rh negative when they do not make antibodies to Rh factor until exposed to it
What happens if you have
Rh negative will have a bad reaction to Rh positive after second exposure
Erythroblastosis fetalis
very avoidable disorder by when 1st baby is born, mother is given Rho(D) immune globulin: RhoGAM it has antigens that take ip any from 1st baby. it takes away Rh positive from mother after the baby
Haemoglobin structure
Hb is a red pigmented protein which is very important for carrying oxygen
4 Fe ions and these can all bind an oxygen molecule can carry 1 billion
When does oxygen bind to Hb?
When RBCs in lungs
When does oxygen leave Hb?
When RBCs in tissues
What
Buffers pH in blood
What else can bind to Hb and what happens if it does?
Nitric oxide can bind Hb and if it does it can cause dilation of arteries.
what are key erthcoyte enzymes?
What are reticulocytes and how much of total composition of RBCs do they make up?
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells - 1% of total RBC
Haemocytoblast (stem cell) ->
Lifespan for erythrocytes?
live for 100-120 days
Where are erythrocytes made?
Red bone marrow
How are erythrocytes removed in the body?
old ones removed by macrophages in spleen and liver
EPO is released from the kidney and kidney is important for reduced oxygen capacity of blood and when there is less oxygen secreted into kidneys they release this hormone
What happens to EPO at high altitude?
high altitude you have increased EPO production - athletes “high altitude training” as can take more oxygen
Anaemia - reduced Hb in RBCs due to iron defiency
Types of anaemia?
Nutritional, pernicious, aplastic, renal, hemorrhagic and hemolytic
What is pernicious anaemia?
Pernicious anaemia is when you cannot absorb vitamin B12 IN GIT - deficient intrinsic factor
What is aplastic anaemia?
Bone marrow cannot make enough RBCs due to cancer chemo/radiotherapy for example
What do red blood cells look like in sickle cell anaemia?
crescent / sickle shaped
what are the 2 types of polcythemia?
primary and secondary
Hemostasis, what is it and how many steps?
3 steps
vascular spasm which reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel
platelets important here
Blood coagulation is clotting which is the transformation of liquid into solid
Platelets
Smallest element in the blood, no nucleus, fragments of megakaryocytes and they make most mass of blood clots, they release serotonin
clotting factors are always present in blood plasma in inactive precursor form
they inhibit platelet aggregation so it is confined to the area it is needed
How may plasma clotting factors are they?
12 plasma clotting factors which are important
How many pathways are there in the clotting cascade and what are they
2 pathways: intrinsic - internal vessels, extrinisic - external vessels
Main difference between 2 pathways
intrinsic is more complex there are 7 steps whereas extrinsic only has 4
intrinsic
factor 12 activates factor 11 activates factor 9 which activates factor 10
What do both pathways do in the end?
they both at the end make factor 10 active
What is the role of thrombin in homeostais?
Component in clotting cascade: multiple roles in homeostasis
Stimulates
Abnormal blood clotting?
Thrombus: abnormal intravascular clot attached to a vessel wall
Emboli: freely floating clots
Factors that can cause thromboembolism?
Hemophilia generally affects men
What are erythrocytes in 2 ways:
Red blood cells and important in oxygen transport
What are leukocytes in 2 ways?
White blood cells and the immune system’s mobile defense units
What are platelets in 2 ways?
Cell fragments and important in homeostais
How much % does plasma make up of the blood?
55%
What % are red blood cells of blood - erthrocytes?
45%
What % are platelets and leukocytes - white blood cells of whole blood?
<1% of whole blood
What is the function of plasma proteins?
In general, they exert an osmotic effect important in distribution of ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments; buffer pH changes
What is the function of albumins?
Transport many substances and contribute mos to colloid osmotic pressure
What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?
They trasnport many water-insoluble substances, clotting factors, inactive precursor molecules
Function of gamma globulins:
Antibodes
Physical description of leukocytes - white blood cells?
Spherical nucleated cells
What does lymphoid stem cell become?
Becomes lymphocytes in Lymphoid tissues and then becomes lymphocytes in circulation: T and B lymphocytes
What else can these glycoproteins that RBCs have in their membranes for blood groups be called?
These glycoproteins are also called antigens as they can cause the immune system to make antibodies.
These glycoproteins are also called agglutinogens because they can cause agglutination, or clumping of cells
How does the anatomy of RBCs as biconcave discs help their function?
Biconcave disks allows for efficient diffusion as there is a large surface area for diffusion of oxygen across the membrane. This very flexible shape allows RBCs to travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing in the process
What does Type B blood group mean?
Type B means RBCs have B and not A
What happens if wrong blood groups is given?
RBCs will usually rupture and hemoglobin precipitates in kidney which interferes with kidney function
Clumping also blocks blood flow in capillaries and oxygen and nutrient flow to cells and tissues is reduced
