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Cell and Tissue Structure > Epthelial tissue L1 > Flashcards

Epthelial tissue L1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of structural levels?

A

Molecular, Subcellular Body, Cellular, Tissue

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2
Q

What is tissue?

A

Tissue is a collection of specialised cells

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3
Q

What are systems?

A

Systems are the interaction of organs

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

It is made up of a variety of tissues

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5
Q

What is cellular organisation of the body?

A

It defines the basic structural and functional units

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6
Q

What are 8 cellular levels?

A

Epithelium, Endothelium, Mesothelium, Mesenchyme, Blood cells, Neurons, Germ cells, Stem cells

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7
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Lining glands, bowel, skin and organs

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8
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Lining blood and lymphatic vessels

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9
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

Lining of pleural, and pericardial spaces

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10
Q

What is the mesenchyme?

A

Cells filling spaces between organs, including fat, muscle, bone, cartilage and tendon cells

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11
Q

What are blood cells?

A

There are red and white blood cells, there are also those in lymph nodes and spleen

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12
Q

What are neurons?

A

They are the conducting cells of nervous system

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13
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Reproductive cells, sperm, oocytes

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14
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that are able to turn into one or several of the other ones

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15
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue, Connective tissue

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16
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Lining/barrier of secretory cells, skin and mucous membranes

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17
Q

What is muscle (excitable) tissue?

A

Skeletal (striated), smooth, cardiac muscle

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18
Q

What is nervous (excitable) tissue?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue, dense fibrous tissue (capsule, ligament, tendon), cartilage and bone and blood

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20
Q

What organs make up the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles, tendons

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21
Q

What organs make up the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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22
Q

What organs make up the CVS system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, lympatics

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23
Q

What organs make up skin?

A

integmentary organs

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24
Q

What organs make up the immune system?

A

lymphocyte, lymph node, tonsil, spleen

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25
Q

What organs make up the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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26
Q

What organs make up the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments

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27
Q

What organs make up the G.I.T system?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine

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28
Q

What organs make up the special senses system?

A

taste, smell, sight, hearing

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29
Q

What organs make up the reproductive system?

A

Ovary, uterus, testes, epididymus

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30
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

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31
Q

What organs make up the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals

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32
Q

What organs make up the exocrine system?

A

tubular, acinar, branched, coiled glands

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33
Q

What effect does the disease atrophy have on a cell and why?

A

Atrophy causes a decrease in cell size. Muscle atrophy is due to being bed ridden

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34
Q

What effect does the disease hypertrophy have on a cell and why?

A

Causes an increase in size. Muscle hypertrophy is due to exercise

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35
Q

What effect does the disease hyperplasia have on a cell and why?

A

Increase in cell number. Endometrial hyperplasia due to prolonged oestrogen exposure

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36
Q

What effect does the disease metaplasia have on a cell and why?

A

Where one cell is replaced by another one. Squamous metaplasia where ciliated respiratory epithelial replaced by squamous (no cilia)

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37
Q

What effect does the disease neoplasia (cancer) have on a cell and why?

A

Neoplasia is the abnormal growth of cell due to gene mutation by an oncogene (chemical, radiation, viruses) can be either benign or malignant

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38
Q

What effect does the disease necrosis have on a cell and why?

A

Causes cell death due to injury or disease where lysosomal enzymes digest the cell (autolysis) and inflammation is triggered

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39
Q

What effect does the disease apoptosis have on a cell and why?

A

Causes programmed death in a cell. The cells shrink, chromatin fragments, apoptotic bodies form and phagocytosed by macrophages

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40
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

It is the original tumour

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41
Q

What are affected cells called?

A

A neoplasm - tumour

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42
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

It is at sites distant and different from the primary tumour

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43
Q

What types of tissue are in epithelia tissue?

A

Epithelia and glandular epitehlia

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44
Q

What is the malignant form of epithelia ?

A

Carcinoma

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45
Q

What is the benign form of epithelia?

A

Papilloma

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46
Q

What is the malignant form of glandular epithelia?

A

Adeno carcinoma

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47
Q

What is the benign form of glandular epithelia?

A

Adenoma

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48
Q

Where are tumours in connective tissues?

A

Fibroblast, adipose tissue, blood, cartilage, bone and lymphoid tissue

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49
Q

What is the benign form of fibroblast?

A

Fibroma

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50
Q

What is the malignant form of fibroblast?

A

Fibro sarcoma

51
Q

What is the benign form of adipose tissue?

A

Lipoma

52
Q

What is the malignant form of adipose tissue?

A

Lipo sarcoma

53
Q

What is the malignant tumour of blood?

A

Leukemia

54
Q

What is the malignant form of lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoma

55
Q

What is the benign form of Cartilage?

A

Chondroma

56
Q

What is the malignant form of cartilage?

A

chondro sarcoma

57
Q

What is the benign form of bone?

A

osteoma

58
Q

What is the malignant form of bone?

A

osteo sarcoma

59
Q

What is the benign form of skeletal tissue?

A

Rhabdomyoma

60
Q

What is the malignant form of skeletal tissue?

A

Rhabdomyo sarcoma

61
Q

What is the malignant form of cardiac tissue?

A

Cardiac sarcoma

62
Q

What is the benign form of smooth tissue?

A

Leiomyoma

63
Q

What is the malignant form of smooth tissue?

A

Leiomyo sarcoma

64
Q

What types are in neural tissues?

A

Glia and neurons

65
Q

What is the malignant form of glia?

A

Glioma

66
Q

What is the malignant form of neurons?

A

Neuroblastoma

67
Q

What are epithelia?

A

They are cells close together, there is minimal matrix between them. There are cell junctions. There is an absence of blood vessels and they are innervated by nerves

68
Q

Where are they particularly innervated by nerves?

A

Particularly at base

69
Q

What do cell junctions do in epithelia?

A

They regulate passage of materials between cells and also provide physical strength

70
Q

How do they get nutrition if they don’t have blood vessels?

A

Via underlying tissue

71
Q

What do lining epithelia cells do?

A

They regulate the passage of material in/out of the body. In the gut it is nutrients, the lungs is gases, the kidneys is water and ions and the skin is water

72
Q

What do the secretory cells do?

A

They secrete body fluids in the glands and ducts

73
Q

How are epithelial cells classified? THE 3

A

Into glandular, surface and special

74
Q

What are glandular epithelial cells split into?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

75
Q

What are special cells split into?

A

Sensory perception and reproduction

76
Q

What are surface cells classified into?

A

Simple and Stratified

77
Q

What are the 3 types of simple epithelial cells?

A

Squamous, columnar and cuboidal

78
Q

What are the 3 types of stratified epithelial cells?

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

79
Q

What is exocrine for?

A

For secretion to regulate ion concentrations

80
Q

How are exocrine glands classified by?

A

Morphology - by the size, shape and structure

81
Q

What are the simple types of exocrine glands and give examples?

A

Tubular e.g. large intestine, acinar e.g. urethra, branched tubular e.g. stomach, branched acinar e.g. mammary gland, coiled tubular e.g. sweat glands

82
Q

What are the compound types?

A

Tubular and acinar

83
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

They discharge products via ducts that can either be simple or compound

84
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

They secrete hormones into bloodstream

85
Q

What are the 3 types of secretion that exocrine glands are split into?

A

Merocrine (eccrine), apocrine and holocrine

86
Q

How does merocrine (eccrine) secrete?

A

By exocytosis

87
Q

What is the most common type of secretion?

A

Merocrine (eccrine) secretion

88
Q

How does apocrine secrete and give 2 examples?

A

By membrane bound vesicles for example in breasts and sweat glands

89
Q

How does holocrine secrete and give 1 example?

A

By the rupture of secretory cells for example sebaceous cells

90
Q

What is the function of surface epithelium? hint should be 8

A

—-covers exposed surfaces
—-lines internal passageways and chambers
─ highly cellular
─ avascular
─ capacity to regenerate
─ provide physical protection
─ control permeability
─ provide sensation

91
Q

What is a simple cell layer?

A

One layer, permeable

92
Q

What is a stratified cell layer?

A

Many layers, protective

93
Q

What does a squamous cell look like?

A

Thin, flat, irregular

94
Q

What does a cuboidal cell look like?

A

Single layer of box shaped like cells. Located in ducts and glands

95
Q

What does a columnar cell look like?

A

Tall, slender, rectangular

96
Q

Is there any type of specialisation amongst surface epithelium cells?

A

Keratin, microvilli and cilia

97
Q

What are the 8 types of surface epithelium?

A

3 simple - squamous, cuboidal and columnar
3 Stratified - squamous (+/- keratin), cuboidal and columnar
2 special types - pseudostratified columnar and transitional epithelium

98
Q

What feature do simple squamous place a role in and give an example?

A

Diffusion in blood vessels

99
Q

What feature do simple cuboidal place a role in and give an example?

A

Synthesis and liberation of hormones for example in the thyroid gland

100
Q

What feature do simple columnar place a role in and give an example?

A

Digestion via enzymes, absorption via microvilli and lubrication via mucous cells for example in the small intestine

101
Q

What feature do stratified squamous (+/- keratin) place a role in and give an example?

A

Protection, moist surface resists dehydration and thermoregulation and sensation for example in skin

102
Q

What feature do stratified cuboidal place a role in and give an example?

A

Saliva for example in the salivary gland

103
Q

What feature do stratified columnar place a role in and give an example?

A

Saliva for example in the saliva duct

104
Q

What feature do pseudostratified columnar place a role in and give an example?

A

They secret mucus via goblet cells, they trap paricles scuh as mucus they move mucus via cilia and they clean, warm and moisten for example the air. Airways for example trachea

105
Q

What feature do transitional epithelium place a role in and give an example?

A

Distention for example in the bladder. They increase the volume to allow passage of urine

106
Q

What are the characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells?

A

One layer of cells where only the tall ones reach the surface

107
Q

What are the characteristics of transitional epithelium cells?

A

They have many layers that re all irregularly rounded. Ureter and bladder only

108
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

It is a thin, fibrous, non-cellular tissue. It separates epithelium , mesothelium and endothelium from underlying connective tissue. It is a matrix that anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue

109
Q

What is the function of keratin?

A

Protective function

110
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

To increase the surface area and for particle movement

111
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

To increase the surface area and for particle movement

112
Q

What is the function of tight intercellular junctions?

A

Cell-cell contacts - basically impermeable to fluid

113
Q

What is the function of adherent intercellular junctions?

A

Cell-cell contacts

114
Q

What is the function of gap intercellular junctions?

A

Permits passage of ions and molecules between cells

115
Q

What is the function of desmosome intercellular junctions?

A

Cell-cell contacts

116
Q

What is the function of basement membrane?

A

Anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue

117
Q

Where would cilia be found?

A

In the lining of bronchus

118
Q

Where would microvilli be found?

A

In the lining of the small intestine

119
Q

How does proliferation occur in epithelia?

A

Via mitosis

120
Q

What are the 4 steps of proliferation in epithelia?

A
  1. Microtubules form
  2. Chromosomes duplicate and align at equator - metaphase
  3. Chromosomes pull apart
  4. Cell divides
121
Q

Where is mitoses found?

A

In lower part of intestinal crypts

122
Q

What prevents the formation of microtubules?

A

VCR - Vincristine

123
Q

How can VCR be used to help remove tissues?

A

Be injected 3 hours before removal of tissues for metaphase arrest

Cell and Tissue Structure (8 decks)

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