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Cell and Tissue Structure > Endocrine system 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication is critical for:

A

survival and function

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2
Q

2 major communication systems:

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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3
Q

4 Types of Chemical Messengers:

A

Autocrine/paracrine, neurotransmitters, neurohormones, hormones

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4
Q

What is autocrine/paracrine ?

A

Acts on itself - autocrine
Acts on another cell nearby - paracrine

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5
Q

Neurohormones?

A

Released from synaptic vesicles by neuron, released into blood and acts in manner similar to hormones

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6
Q

Hormones

A

endocrine system messengers, transported in blood, target cell expresses specific receptors and released from endocrine gland DIRECTLY into blood

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7
Q

Differences between hormones and neurotransmitters: hint 2

A

Neural messages can only travel along existing nerve tracts; hormonal messages can travel in the circulatory system; thus any cell receiving blood is potentially able to receive a message.

Neural messages are all-or-none events that have rapid onset and offset; neural signals can take place in milliseconds; plus, electrical signal can travel along myelinated axons at speeds up to 100 meters per sec
Whereas Hormonal messages are graded events that can take seconds, minutes or hours to occur

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8
Q

4 types of hormones:

A

Peptide and catecholamines - Hydrophilic
Steroid and thyroid - Lipophilic

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9
Q

How are hormones categorised?

A

BY solubility

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10
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Small lipid soluble molecules that diffuse via cell membrane, receptor is intracellular

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12
Q

2 types of receptors:

A

Surface and nuclear

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13
Q

Surface receptors:

A

Bind peptides and catecholamines at cell membrane

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14
Q

Nuclear receptors:

A

Bind thyroid and steroid hormones, inside the cell

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15
Q

How are cells exposed to hormones?

A

Via circulation

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16
Q

What does receptor activation alter?

A

Channel function and 2nd messenger systems

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17
Q

What does extracellular chemical (hormone) bind to?

A

Surface receptor

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18
Q

What cells can respond?

A

Only cells with receptors for hormone

19
Q

Where are endocrine glands derived from?

A

Epithelial tissue

20
Q

What are endocrine glands composed of?

A

Endocrine glands are composed of clumps of secretory cells

21
Q

Endocrine glands surrounded by…

A

Endocrine glands are surrounded by capillaries (fenestrated)

22
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

NO - no duct system

23
Q

What system has ducts?

A

Exocrine glands

24
Q

Main function of primary endocrine organs?

A

Hormone release

25
Q

E.gs primary endocrine organs

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

26
Q

Primary endocrine organs…

A

Discrete organs

27
Q

Secondary endocrine organs…

A

dispersed in organs

28
Q

E.gs of 2ndary endocrine organs?

A

heart, kidney, liver, etc

29
Q

neuro-endocrinology?

A

nervous and endocrine systems co-regulate many physiological functions - study of this is called Neuro-Endocrinology
This studies how the brain regulates Pituitary hormone secretion

30
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells release? where is this found?

A

Neurohormones
Found in, for example: adrenal medulla, thyroid, Pancreas / islet of Langerhans, pituitary cells, renin-secreting cells, gastro-intestinal tract, lower respiratory tract

31
Q

Endocrine gland secretion triggered by:

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolic factors

32
Q

2 types of feedback loops:

A

Long-loop and short-loop

33
Q

Feedback can be?

A

Excitatory / inhibitory

34
Q

Positive feedback

A

activation

35
Q

Negative feedback

A

inhibition

36
Q

Trophic hormones?

A

Regulate secretion of other hormones either releasing or inhibitory

37
Q

Examples of Trophic hormones: TSH what happens?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from anterior pituitary stimulates thyroid hormone secretion from thyroid gland
and maintains structural integrity of thyroid gland

38
Q

Example of Trophic hormone pathway

A

anterior pituitary -> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3.T4 Thyroid hormone

39
Q

Primary Hyposecretion what is it and what causes it?

A

abnormality within gland - cannot secrete enough
Causes: genetic, dietary (eg lack of iodine), chemical or toxic, immunologic (autoimmune diseases), cancer, surgery (removal / Iatrogenic) and idiopathic (unknown)

40
Q

2ndary hyposecretion is…

A

Deficiency of trophic hormone - not able to make it

41
Q

General causes of hypersecretion:

A

Immune factors, tumours continuously secrete hormone

42
Q

Primary hypersecretion?

A

Too much hormone secreted due to abnormality within gland

43
Q

2ndary hypersecretion?

A

excessive stimulation of gland causes oversecretion

Cell and Tissue Structure (8 decks)

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