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Cell and Tissue Structure > General connective tissue L4 > Flashcards

General connective tissue L4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue? HINT THERE ARE 5

A

Structural framework, transports fluids and dissolved materials, stores lipids, protects organs and defends the body from pathogens

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2
Q

General connective tissue can be split up into what 3 categories?

A

Cells, fibres and ground susbtance

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3
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Ground substance fills the spaces between cells and fibers. It is a gel like extracellular matrix that adds strength and stiffness. It also delays the spread of infection

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4
Q

What does ground substance contain?

A

Water and salts
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycan molecules

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5
Q

What are GAGs - Glycosaminoglycans?

A

Polysaccharides, made up of sugars

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6
Q

What do Proteoglycan molecules do?

A

They bind to water giving a gelatinous property to the matrix. They also form aggregates to make up ground substance.

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7
Q

What does ground substance seem to be in preparations?

A

In preparations, ground substance seems to be structureless and stains metachromatically with toluidine blue

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8
Q

What are the commonest GAGs?

A

Hyaluronate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparin sulphate and keratan sulphate

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9
Q

What is the predominant GAG?

A

Hyaluronate - hyaluronic acid and it is important because the viscosity of ground substance depends on the content of it

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10
Q

What is the ground substance elaborated by?

A

By the endoplasmic reticulum of connective tissue cells, especially of fibroblasts

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11
Q

Connective tissue components:

A

Cells and fibres in a matrix

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12
Q

Cells in connective tissue?

A

Mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), immune cells

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13
Q

What are the immune cells in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages/monocyte, mast cells, B cells/plasma cells and lymphocytes

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14
Q

What fibres are in connective tissue?

A

Collagen and elastin

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15
Q

Is there one ancestor of connective tissue cells?

A

Yes there is one ancestor - mesenchymal stem cells

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16
Q

What are the 7 cells of connective tissue?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Macrophages (Histiocytes)
Mast cells
B cells/ Plasma cells
T cells

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17
Q

What is the basic function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)?

A

Differentiate into other cells

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18
Q

What is the basic function of fibroblasts?

A

Make extracellular matrix, wound healing

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19
Q

What is the basic function of adipocytes (fat cells)?

A

Stores and metabolises fat

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20
Q

What is the basic function of macrophages (Histiocytes)?

A

Phagocytic, innate immune cell

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21
Q

What is the basic function of mast cells?

A

Histamine reactions, innate immune cells

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22
Q

What is the basic function of B cells/Plasma cells?

A

Make antibodies, adaptive immune cell

23
Q

What is the basic function of T cells?

A

Major immune cell, adaptive immune cell

24
Q

Are MSCs multipotent?

A

Yes

25
Q

Can MSCs differentiate into all other cells found in connective tissue?

A

Yes

26
Q

Where are MSCs obtained from?

A

Bone Marrow

27
Q

Can MSCs act as a potential use for cell replacement therapy?

A

Yes

28
Q

What is the most abundant cell in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

29
Q

Can fibroblasts differentiate into different cells?

A

Yes

30
Q

What do Fibroblasts make?

A

Extracellular matrix, i.e. secrete components: GAGs, collagen, elastin, ground substance

31
Q

What immune response do fibroblasts play a role in?

A

They have a role in wound healing i.e. they secret collagenous matrix (scar tissue)

32
Q

Where do adipocytes develop from?

A

Fibroblasts

33
Q

Can mature adipocytes divide?

A

NO

34
Q

What do fat cells do? hint 5

A

They support and protect organs
They store and metabolise fat (lipid)
They insulate (slow heat loss)

35
Q

What do white adipose cells do?

A

They store energy.
Role: insulation, shock absorption

36
Q

What do brown adipose cells do?

A

They heat the body
Role: Stores energy in fat

37
Q

What are the 3 places where the birth of a macrophage happens?

A

Bone marrow, Blood, Tissue

38
Q

5 steps within cells to birth of a macrophage:

A

stem cell -> monoblast->monocyte->macrophage->activated macrophage

39
Q

Are macrophages phagocytic?

A

Yes

40
Q

Do macrophages scavenge foreign materials?

A

Yes bacteria, debris, etc

41
Q

What else can macrophages be called?

A

Monocytes and histiocytes

42
Q

What immune system are macrophages apart of?

A

The innate immune system

43
Q

Where are fixed macrophages found at?

A

Strategic points

44
Q

What do macrophages have for degradation?

A

They have lysosomes for degradation

45
Q

What are 6 places where fixed macrophages are found?

A
  1. Dust/Alveolar type (lungs)
  2. Histiocytes (connective tissue)
  3. Kupffer cells (liver)
  4. Microglial cells (nervous)
  5. Osteoclasts (bone)
  6. Sinusoidal lining cells (spleen)
46
Q

What do macrophages do in order to respond to pathogens?

A

They present pathogen antigens at their cell surface
to T cells (elicit an adaptive immune response)

47
Q

What 3 disorders are associated with macrophages:

A

Granuloma, Macrophage Activation Syndrome, and
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis

48
Q

What are leprosy and TB resistant to?

A

They are resistant to lysosomal degradation

49
Q

What was the plague pathogen resistant to?

A

Phagocytosis

50
Q

Where does HIV virus replication occur?

A

In macrophages

51
Q

What do macrophages do in infected throat cells?

A

They destroy influenza

52
Q

Do macrophages play a role in atherosclerotic deposits?

A

Yes

53
Q

Do macrophages play a role in atherosclerotic deposits?

A

Yes

54
Q

What do macrophages release with tumour cell proliferation?

A

They release growth factors

Cell and Tissue Structure (8 decks)

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