Skeletal. Flashcards
Is the Pelvis Appendicular or Axial?
Appendicular.
What are the four classes of cartilage?
Hyaline, Fibro, Elastic & Calcified/ Mineralized.
What is the skeleton of Squalus Primarily composed of?
Spiny Dog Fish/ Shark.
Hyaline Cartilage.
Jaws are Calcified/ Mineralized.
What Membrane Surrounds Cartilage Organs?
Perichondrium.
What are the layers of the perichondrium?
Surrounds Cartilage Organs.
Inner Layer: Multipotent Cells.
Outer Layer: Fibrous Connective Tissue.
What are the two divisions of the skull?
- Cranial Skeleton: Dermatocranium (Frontal, Nasal, Lacrimnal, Pre-Maxillary, Maxillary, & Vomer.)
& Neurocranium/ Endocranium/ Chondrocranium(Chondrichthyes.) (Olfactory Optic, & Otic Capsules). - Visceral Skeleton/ Splanchocranium: Palatopterygoquadrate, Meckels Cartilage, Hyoid, & Branchial Arches (This also includes what these develop into EX: Maxilla.)
The Neurocranium is ossified via?
Endochondral ossification.
Mesenchyme, Chondroblasts= Hyaline Cartilage, Vascularization then brings osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
(Chondrocyte is a mature chondroblast.)
Osteoblasts will break down cartilage to be re-built by Osteoblasts.
Dermatocranium is ossfied via?
Intramembraneous Ossification.
Mesenchyme is invaded directly by osteoclasts and osteoblasts to form bone.
(No Cartilage Stage.)
What part of the skull is not present in Chondrichthyes?
Dermatocranium.
They only have a cartilaginous Totally Fused, Chondrocraium (Neurocranium) & Splanchocranium (Visceral Cranium).
Squalus = Dog Shark.
What are the 4 Primal/ Embryonic structures of the Visceral Cranium?
AKA: Splanchocranium.
* Palatopterygoquadrate.
* Meckel’s Cartilage.
* Hyoid skeleton.
* Branchial & Gill Arches.
& What is this Posterior portion of the chondrocranium Called?
A: Foramen Magnum.
B: Occipital Condyles.
C: Vagus Foramen.
D: Glossopharyngeal Foramen.
The Occipital Wall.
What do the occipital Condyles articulate with in squalus?
C1.
Why isn’t the Orbit of Squalus fused to the chondrocranium?
To Allow for Eye Movement.
Name the linear elevation and Shelf for D.
A: Rostrum.
B: Pre-Cerebral Cavity.
C: Anterior Obital Processes
D: Linear Elevation: Supraoptic Crest.
D: Shelf: Supraorbital Shelf.
E: Post Orbital Processes.
A: Rostral Carina.
B: Anterior Orbital Shelves.
C: Infraorbital Shelf.
D: Optic Pedicel.
E: Basal Plate.
A: Pelvic Girdle.
B: Pectoral Girdle.
A: Pelvic Fins.
B: Pectoral Fins.
A: Vertebral Column.
B: Ribs.
C: Splanchocranium.
D: Chondrocranium.
A: Pharyngobranchial Cartilage.
B: Epibranchial Cartilage.
C: Ceratobranchial Cartilage.
D: Gill Rays.
A: Rostral Carina.
B: Olfactory Capsule.
C: Post Orbital Process.
D: Orbital Process.
E: Meckel’s Cartilage.
A: Supraotic Crest.
B: Otic Capsule.
C: Palatopterygoquadrate Cartilage.
D: Labial Cartilgae.
E: Quadrate Process.
A: Orbit.
B: Deep Ophthalmic Foramina.
C: Hyomandibular Cartilage.
D: Anterior Orbital Process.
E: Anterior Orbital Shelf.
A: Rostral Carina.
B: Palatopterygoquadrate Cartilage.
C: Mandibular Arch.
D: Labial Cartilage.
E: Meckels’s Cartilage.
A: Basihyal Cartilage.
B: Basibranchial Cartilage.
C: Hyoid Arch.
D: Ceratohyal Cartilage.
E: Hypobranchial Cartilage.
Where and how many Visceral and Branchial Arches?
7 Visceral Arches.
5 Branchial Arches.
A: Olfactory Capsule.
B: Deep Ophthalmic Foramen.
C: Optic Pedicel.
D: Trigeminofacial Foramen- Larger than the other nearby foramen.
E: Optic Foramen.
A: Deep Ophthalmic Foramen.
B: Trochlear Foramen.
C: Trigeminofacial Foramen.
D: Optic Foramen.
E: Occulomotor Foramen.
A: Linear Elevation & Shelf.
A Linear elevation: Supraoptic Crest.
A Shelf: Supraorbital Shelf.
B: Otic Capsule.
C: Anterior Orbital Shelf.
D: Infraorbital Shelf below the Optic Foramen.
E: Post Otic Process.
A: Rostral Fenestra.
B: Olfactory Foramina.
C: Superficial Ophthalmic Foramina.
D: Carotid Foramen.
E: Post-Otic Fenestra.
A: Epiphyseal Foramen.
B: Endolymphatic Fossa.
C: Endolymphatic Foramen.
D: Perilymphatic Fossa.
E: Perilymphatic Foramen.
A: Coracoid Bar.
B: Scapular Cartilage.
C: Suprascapular Cartilage.
D: Glenoid Surface.
E: Ceratotrichia.
Plural
B: Scapulae.
C: Suprascapulae.
A: Basalia (The proximal Cartilages Compused of B.C.&D)
B: Propterygium.
C: Mesopterygium.
D: Metapterygium.
E: Radial Cartilages.
What cartilages of Squalus became the humerus, Radius & Ulna in tetrapods?
Humerus: The Proximal Basalia.
Radius & Ulna: Paired Distal Basalia.
What three parts of the pectoral girdle of Primitive bony fish are formed via endochondrial ossification?
- Coracoid (Fused to Scapula in many tetrapods).
- Scapulae.
- Suprascapulae (Lost in evolution of bony fish and tetrapods).
What four parts of the pectoral girdle of Primitive bony fish are formed via intramembranous ossification?
- Postemporal.
- Supracleithrum.
- Cleithrum.
- Clavicle (Only maintained component in evolution of bony fish and tetrapods).
What is an interclavicle?
What groups of animals have it?
A new membrane bone (intramembranous ossification.) which developed in-
* Amphibians and…
* Reptiles (Homologous).
* Birds (Homologous).
* Monotremes (Homologous).
In birds the interclavicle is fused to the clavicle forming the Furcula, AKA Wishbone.
Reptiles tend to lack a true clavicle. (Snakes dont have either.)
(Turtle have both!)
Understand Coracoid Evolution.
It Fused to the scapla in therian mammals.
Early Coracoid cartilage (Squalus.) also is associated with procoracoid (Necturus). Sternum develops nearby through different evolutionary means.
Same with Clavicle and Interclavicle (Membrane Bones).
It is still present in Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds (see image.), & Monotremes. Diverse morphology across species.
Note: Furcula is fused clavicle and interclavicle- Both Membrane Bones.
Flightless birds do not usually have a keel (Bony Extension.)
Clavicle in Turtles for understanding
The Clavicle in Turtles is adapted to help attach the scapula to the bottom Plastron. Scapula is very different shape and ventral to the ribcage. Does not attach to the upper Carapace.
A: Iliac Processes.
B: Ischiopubic Bar.
C: Acetabulum.
Female. (No Clasper Cartilage.)
A: Radial Cartilages.
B: Ceratotrichia.
C: Metapterygium.
D: Propterygium.
Female. (No Clasper Cartilage.)
A: Ischiopubic Bar.
B: Ceratotrichia.
C: Metapterygium.
D: Clasper Cartilage.
Male.
A: Iliac Processes.
B: Propterygium.
C: Acetabulum.
D: Radial Cartilages.
Male- Has Clasper Cartilage.
Which of the basalia cartilages is present on the pectoral fins but not the pelvic fins?
Mesapterygium is only present on the pectoral girdle fins.
A: Orbital Process.
B: Quadrate Process.
C: Hyoid Arch.
D: Mandibular Arch.
A: Olfactory Foramina.
B: Rostral Fenestra.
What are the four classes of bones?
- Long.
- Short.
(Subclass: Sesame bones.) - Irregular.
- Flat.
Short Bones which do not attach to the skeleton Directly?
Subclass of Short Bones:
* Sesame Bones.
Bones which are the same length and width in size?
Short Bones.
Attach directly to the skeleton Vs Sesemae subclass which does not.
Bones that are longer than they are wide, usually have two heads and a shaft and are cylindrical?
Long Bones.
Diaphysis Vs Epiphysis.
-ses plural.
Bones which are thin?
Flat Bones.
Bones that are not thin, not long, and oddly shaped?
Irregular Bones.
Bone?
A: Medullary Cavity: Yellow Marrow.
B: Epiphyseal Line.
C: Cortical Bone.
D: Medulary Bone: Red Marrow.
Femur.
What are the two types of bone Marrow?
Red: Hematopoietic.
Yellow: Filled with Dense Apidpose.
Connective Tissue which covers the outside of bony organs?
How is it attached to the bone?
Periosteum.
* Outer: Fibrous Dense irregular c.t.
* Inner: Cambium layer, single layer of multipotent progenitor cells.
Attaches Via Perforating/ Sharpey’s Fibers. (Bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate from the periosteum deep into the bone sometimes even reaching the trabecular spaces.)
Progenitor Cells- Slightly more specialized than stem cells.
Tissue which layers the inner bone?
Endosteum. Single/ Thin layer of Progenitor Cells/ Osteoclasts & Osteoclats. Lines the inner compact/ Cortical bone and the trabeculae of medullary bone.
How is the Periosteum attached to the bone?
Attaches Via Perforating/ Sharpey’s Fibers. (Bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate from the periosteum deep into the bone sometimes even reaching the trabecular spaces.)
What are three characteristic Unique to Long Bones?
- Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
- Medullary Cavity.
Species?
A: Intervertebral Foramina.
B: Dorsal Intercalary Plate.
C: Dorsal Plate.
D: Transverse Process AKA Diapophysis.
E: Centrum.
Trunk Vertebra of Squalus.
A: Neural Arch.
B: Centrum.
C: Hemal Arch.
D: Ventral Intercalary Plate.
E: Ventral Plate.
Caudal Vertebra of Squalus.
What is the point of the Dorsal and Ventral Intercalary Plates in Squalus?
They are cartilages that cover the gaps between the hemal and neural arches to protect the Spinal Cord & Caudal Artery.
What is the name for the way that the caudal vertebra of squalus consist of two centra and two arches?
Dispondyly: has an anterior and posterior centra and two arches also posterior and anterior per metamere.
Bicipital can refer to just the two centra.
The nearby myomeres and spinal nerves are not doubled like the centra.
Metamere AKA Segment.
What Canals are formed by the hemal and neral arches?
Hemal Canal
Neural/ Vertebral Canal.
How many different types of vertebra in necturus?
- 1 Cervical.
- Thoracic.
- 1 Sacral.
- Caudal.
Amphicelous: Concave at both sides.
4 Total.
What is unique about necturus sacral vertebra?
There is only one and it has a pair of modified ribs (Sacal Ribs.) which articulate with the ilium of the pelvis.
The Sacral Ribs are bicipital like the rest of the ribs.
Type of ribs necturus has?
Bicipital.
(Two heads)
Tuberculum (Dorsal).
Capitulum (Ventral).
Which Vertebra attaches to more than one rib in mammals?
T1 attaches to the first and second ribs.
What classes of Vertebrates only have one occipital Condyle?
- Reptilla.
- Aves.
What are the inominate bones which articulate with the sacrum?
The Pelvic Bones: Ilium, Ischium, & Pubis.
What is Squalous’ Skeleton primarily composed of?
Hyaline Cartilage, but their jaws are composed of calcified cartilage.
Spiny Dog Fish/ Shark.
What two Groups of Vertebrates have a totally cartilagenous skeleton?
Super Class Agnatha.
Gnathostomata Phylum Chondrichthyes- Except their Teeth.
What are the four types of cartilage?
- Hyaline Cartilage.
- Fibrocartilage.
- Elastic Cartilage.
- Calcified Cartilage.
What Membrane Surrounds the cartilage organs such as the skeleton of chondrichthyes?
Perichondrium.
Neopterygians Vs Teleost Skeleton?
Neopterygian skeleton has a large cartilage component while its descendant teleosts have a much more ossified skeleton.
Compact Bone AKA:
Cortical Bone.
Spongy Bone AKA:
Medullary Bone.
What are the 4 Shapes/ Classes of Bones?
- Short Bones.
- Long Bones.
- Flat Bones.
- Irregular Bones.
Subclass of bones which do not attach directly to the skeleton and are enveloped by tendons and liganments that indirectly attach it to the skeleton.
Sesmoid Bones; Subclass of irregular shaped bones.
EX: Patella. “Sesame” Shaped.
Where is Red Marrow Found?
Within the epiphyses medullary of long bones. Specifically within the intertrabecular spaces.
What is the densely packed adipose tissue found in the medullary intertrabecular spaces of diaphyses of long bones?
Yellow Marrow.
What is the epiphyseal plate?
AKA Growth Plate. A Plate of Hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones. This is where the long bone lengthens when growing. Once an animal matures, the plate will ossify and becomes known as the epiphyseal line.
What is growth plate called once it ossifies in a mature animal?
Epiphyseal Line.
Identify This Structure.
4m Kitten.
Proximal Femoral Epiphyseal Growth Plate.
What covers each Bony organ?
Periosteum.
What attaches the Periosteum to the bone?
Perforating Fibers.
AKA: Sharpey’s Fibers.
Bone tissue which layers the inner bone medullary spaces?
Endosteum.
Pictures: Squalus Done!
What are the Hemal Arches called in Amniotes?
Chevron Bones.
What is the most universal vertebral trait?
Transverse Processes/ Diapophyses.
