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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. > Myology > Flashcards

Myology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Muscle Cell Called?

A

Myofiber.

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2
Q

What ensheathes each myofiber?

A

Endomysium.

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3
Q

The Perimysium covers groups of myofibers (Covered in endomysium). What is this bundle called?

A

Fascicle.

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4
Q

What ensheaths a fascicle?

A

Perimysium.
Fascicle is a group of myofibers.

Myofiber = Muscle Cell.
Each Myofiber is ensheathed in Endomysium.

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5
Q

What ensheaths a muscle organ?

A

Epimysium.
Muscle organ: Groups of Fascicle.

Fascicles ensheathed by perimysium.

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6
Q

What is sometimes referred to as “Deep-Fascia”

A

The Epimysium.

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7
Q

What makes up a Tendon?

A

The epimysium extending from the muscle to merge with the periosteum
Both tissues will exhibit changes that become the tendon.
Made of Dense Fibrous Connective tissue. Can exhibit both Regular and Irregular tissue structure.

Mostly Regular due to more rope-like structure of the tendon, also usually only one direction of force.

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8
Q

What Fibers make up the epimysium?

A

Mostly Collagen Bundles.

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9
Q

What is a Tendon?

A

Attaches Muscle to Bone.
Made from attachment from epimysium to periosteum.
Both the Epimysium and Periosteum under go changes in tissue structure that differentiate them from their original purpose to form a Tendon.

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10
Q

What is direct attachment of skeletal muscle?

A

This is when the Myofibers/ endo/peri/ Epimysium fuse directly to the bones periosteum.
No Tendon formed/ or aponeurosis.

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11
Q

What is Aponeurosis?

A

A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue. Replaces the tendon in flat tissues and offers a wide attachment style.

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12
Q

Attachment of muscle to bone Via Tendons/ Aponeurosis’s?

A

Indirect Attachment.

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13
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Form of attachment to bone.
Made of Dense Fibrous Connective tissue. Can exhibit both Regular and Irregular tissue structure.

Usually Irregular to handle directions of tension.

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14
Q

What is the Origin point of a muscle?

A

The Attachment which is not moved when the muscle is contracted.

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15
Q

What is the Insertion point of a muscle?

A

The attachment of muscle that is moved when contracted.

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16
Q

What are the 6 basic ways muscles are named?

A
  • Location Could be of the Muscle, Origin, or Insertion.
  • Shape.
  • Size.
  • Direction.
  • Action.

Can also be a combo of these.

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17
Q

If a muscle is named via combo of location of the insertion and origin. Which is ususally first in the name?

A

The Origin.

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18
Q

When muscles are named directionally what structure of the muscle is this in reference to?

A

The Fascicle Patterns.
The myofibers are not visible to the eye.

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19
Q

What is a Parallel Muscle Pattern?

A

When the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.

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20
Q

What are the three subsets of naming that include parallel muscles.
Why?

A
  • Rectus: Parallel to body midline.
  • Oblique: ~45º angle to the body midline.
  • Transverse: 90º Angle to the body midline.

This Naming is becuase the while the fascicles may be parallel to the long axis of the muscle, they are not always parallel to the midline of the body.

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21
Q

What are the four basic patterns of muscle?

A
  • Parallel: Fascicles Parallel to long Axis of muscle.
  • Pennate: Short Fascicles which attach obliquely to a tendon which runs the length of the muscle.
  • Convergent: Broad Origin that narrows approaching the insertion.
  • Circular/ Sphincter: Fascicles arranged into Concentric Rings.
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22
Q

Fascicles which run parallel to the long axis of the muscle and also the midline of the body?

A

Rectus.

Parallel Group.

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23
Q

Fascicles that are parallel to the long axis of the muscle, but run oblique to the body midline.

A

Oblique.
@ ~45º Angle.

Parallel Group.

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24
Q

Fascicles which run parallel to the long axis of the muscle but are perpendicular to the midline of the body?

A

Transverse.

Parallel Group.

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25
Q

General Pattern where Short Fascicles which attach obliquely to a tendon which runs the length of the muscle?

A

Pennate Pattern.

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26
Q

What are the 3 subsets of Pennate pattern Fascicles?

A
  • Unipennate: Fascicles attach to only one side of a tendon, Like a Vaned Feather.
  • Bipennate: Attach to two sides of a Tendon.
  • Multipennate: The fascicles attach to more than two side of the tendon.

See how the muscle attaches at an oblique angle?

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27
Q

Fascicles which are short and attach obliquely to one side of a tendon?

A

Unipennate.

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28
Q

Fascicles which are short and attach obliquely to two sides of a tendon?

A

Bipennate.

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29
Q

Fascicles which are short and attach obliquely to more than 2 sides of a Tendon?

A

Multipennate.

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30
Q

Fascicles which are short and attach obliquely to a tendon?

A

Pennate Muscle Group:
Unipennate.
Bipennate.
Multipennate.

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31
Q

Muscle has a broad origin and narrows as it approaches the inesertion?

A

Convergent.

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32
Q

Fascicles Arranged in concentric Rings?

A

Sphincter/ Circular.

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33
Q

Muscle which increases the angle between two bones?

A

Extensor.

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34
Q

Muscle which decreases the angle between two bones?

A

Flexor.

Flexion Action.

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35
Q

Muscle which moves a limb away from the body?

A

Abductor.

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36
Q

Muscle which moves a limb towards the body?

A

Adductor

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37
Q

Muscles Which thrust part of the body forward?

A

Protractors.
EX: Mandible, Tongue, etc.

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38
Q

Muscles which pull part of the body back?

A

Retractors.

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39
Q

Muscles which raise a body structure?

A

Levators.

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40
Q

Muscles which lower a Body Structure?

A

Depressors.

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41
Q

Muscles which rotate a body part on it’s axis?

A

Rotator.

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42
Q

Muscles which Rotate/ Move the Palm or Sole facing up?

A

Supinators.

Palm shown here but can be either.

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43
Q

Mucles which Rotate/ Move the Palm or Sole facing Down?

A

Pronators.

Sole Shown here but can be either.

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44
Q

Muscles which increase the tension on a structure?

A

Tensors.

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45
Q

Muscles which decrease the size of an opening?

A

Sphincters.

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46
Q

Muscles which increase the size of an opening?

A

Dilators.

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47
Q

The Gluteus Maximus is the largest muscle in what type of animal?

A

Bipedal animals.

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48
Q

What is larger?
The Gluteus Maximus or Gluteus Medius?

A

Depends-
Bipedals: Gluteus Maximus.
Tetrapods: Gluteus Medius.

This is due to things being named in the human first and animals have been given the same name for homologous structures regardless.

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49
Q

What muscles run from the tail to beneath the pharynx?
What is characteristic of these muscles?

A

Axial muscles.
Metamerism.

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50
Q

Axial are metameric becuase they originate from what?

A

Segmental Mesodermal Somites.

Somites are bilaterally paired block of mesoderm on the sides of the notchochord.

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51
Q

In fish, where metamerism is especially prevalent and helps them with locomotive muscles, what is each segment of muscle called?

A

A Myomere.

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52
Q

What separates Myomeres?

A

Myosepta/ Myocommata.
A Tendinous Septum.

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53
Q

Describe Fish Appendicular Muscles:

A

Fish do not have a well developed appendicular musculature due to getting thier locomotion through their metameric axial muscles.

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54
Q

Skeletal Muscles which work together in a movement?

A

Synergistic.

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55
Q

Skeletal Muscles which work in opposite to each other/ Against each other?

A

Antagonistic.

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56
Q

What is an agonist and antagonist of an antagonistic muscle group action?

A

Agonists: Muscle which makes the main movement, (Prime Mover).
Antagonist: Muscle which Reverses/ Opposes the movement.

These roles do not apply to specific muscle but more what muscle do what in a movement. A muscle can be both depending on the movement. Sometimes it is the agonist, sometimes it may be the antagonist.

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57
Q

The Biceps Brachii is partly responsible for Flexion of the forearm.
The Triceps brachii is partly responsible for extension of the forearm.
When the forearm flexes then extends which muscle is the Agonist?
Which muscle is the Antagonist?

A

Since the primary movement is flexion: Biceps Brachii = Agonist.
Reversal is extension: Triceps Brachii = Antagonist.

Flexion: Decreases the angle between 2 bones.
Extension: Increases the angle between 2 bones.

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58
Q

When the agonist if contracted what is the anagonist doing?

A

Either relaxed or Partial tension (Allows for more controlled movement.)

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59
Q

Muscle group in which the muscles control the body/ soma?

A

Somatic/ Somitic/ Myotomal Muscles.
All are skeletal muscle tissue.
Usually innervated by branches of spinal nerves & voluntary.

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60
Q

What are somatic muscles derived from?

A

The Myotomes of Mesodermal Somites.
The mesodermal somite is divided into three parts: Dermatome, Myotome, Sclerotome.

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61
Q

Skeletal muscles of the pharyngeal arches and their derivatives?

A

Branchiomeric muscles.

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62
Q

What are branchiomeric muscles derived from?

A

Myomtomes, specifically the anterior most somite myotomes and the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm in the head.

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63
Q

What is the paraxial mesoderm?

A

It is a somite next to the neural tube, under goes segmentation = the dermomyotome (Will further split into dermatome and myotome.) and Sclerotome. The anterior most portion does not undergo the same level of segmentation and may have regions that are still undifferentiated.

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64
Q

What are Somitomeres?

A

These are groups of the less/ non-segmented parts of the anterior paraxial mesoderm. Leads to development of branchiomeric muscles.

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65
Q

What are the Branchiomeric muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles derived from the anteriormost parts of the paraxial mesoderm.
Muscles of the pharyngeal arches and their derivatives.
This muscle group has both voluntary and involuntary components.

Paraxial mesoderm: precursor to dermomyotome & Sclerotome.

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66
Q

What are Somitomeric Muscles?

A

The Branchiomeric Muscles.

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67
Q

What are the superficial muscles?

A

Muscles located close to the Integument.

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68
Q

General Term for the Hypodermis and Epimysium?

A

Fascia.

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69
Q

What is the Superficial Fascia?

A

The Hypodermis.

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70
Q

What is the Deep Fascia?

A

The Epimysium.

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71
Q

What factors affect the difficulty of removing the fascia?

A

Age & Amount of Fat in Hypodermis.

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72
Q

Why do we remove the Epimysium?

A

To view the Fiber Pattern of the Fascicles in the muscle.

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73
Q

When Dissecting the Skin and Fascia off there will likely be errors. Once complete which side of the animal should you dissect for the Deep Dissection?

A

The side which has more superficial errors. This way it will not be seen.

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74
Q
A
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75
Q
A

Cutting and Reflecting the Superficial muscles.

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76
Q

What is reflecting of a muscle in dissection?

A

When the muscle is attached to both an origin and insertion point. Cut down the belly of the muscle width wise and fold each half to it’s respective origin or insertion point.

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77
Q

What is the techinque to expose the superficial muscles?

A

Pressing Technique.

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78
Q

What is Pressing technique used to separate?

A

A technique used to separate the dermis from the hypodermis, and the fascia away from the muscle.

So Dermis away from hypodermis, then Fascia (Hypodermis and Epimysium) away from the muscle.

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79
Q

How is pressing technique done?

A

First using microtooth forceps, tent the skin. Make the first incision at 0º (Horizontal) to the skin, then enter (Very Shallow- Not at the tent base.) and begin separation holding the scapel at 45º from the side that is not being separated. Each direction is a lane, change the scapel direction/ lanes by rotating 90º to face 45º in the other direction of movement. The edge of the blade, just at the curved region, should be faced in the direction of movement.
Continue to use and re-orient the macro/ micro forceps to maintain moderate tension.

Used to Separate the dermis from hypodermis,
and then the fascia from the muscles.

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80
Q

How should Dissection scissors be held?

A

Held by the thumb and ring finger. Weight Supported by middle finger and the pointer/ index finger rests on the side of the box to provide more stability.

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81
Q

How Should Scapel be held?

A

Resting on middle finger and held by Thumb. Pointer/ Index finger on the dorsal ridge to guide it.

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82
Q

What are Denticles?

A

Small “Tooth-Like” Scales.
Prevalent in Squalous Skin.
AKA: Placoid Scales.

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83
Q

When Tenting the skin/ keeping pressure with the forceps, what will you be cutting/ What is seen Between the layers you are separating?

A

The Collagen Bundle.s

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84
Q

What are the two main integumentary Muscles in cats?

A
  • Cutaneous Maximus: spans the Back to Chest.
  • Platysma: Spans the Dorsal & Lateral Neck, extends Rostral.
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85
Q

In the areas which have Cutaneous Muscles, how should Pressing Technique be used?

A

First Separate the Superficial hypodermis from the Cutaneous muscle, to observe them, Then use pressing technique to get under and remove them without damaging the underlying musculature.

Squalus.

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86
Q

How to Dissection vasculature without damage?

A

By using separating technique/ Blunt Tissue dissection.
Here you will use the fine point dissection scissors to separate structures. This is done by using the scissors in a “backwards manner” Insert inbetween structures (CLOSED) then open the scissors gently to separate. Close them again before moving further in separation.

Squalus.

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87
Q

Once the hypodermis is removed from the skin, which layer is removed next?

A

The Deep Fascia/ Epimysium.

Squalus.

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88
Q

First Ventral Constrictor/ intermandibularis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Mid Ventral Raphe.
  • Insertion: Meckel’s Cartiliage.
  • Action: Raise Floor of the mouth.

Squalus.

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89
Q

Second Ventral Constrictor/ Interhyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Hyomandibula.
  • Insertion: Ceratohyal.
  • Action: Compress Oropharynx.

Squalus.

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90
Q

3-6 Ventral Constrictors:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Vertical Raphe.
  • Insertion: Vertical Raphe.
  • Action: Compress Oropharynx.

Squalus.

All the Same as the 3-6 Dorsal Constrictors.

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91
Q

Coracobranchials:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Coracoid Bar.
  • Insertion: Ventral Gill Cartilages.
  • Action: Expands Oropharynx.

Squalus.

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92
Q

First Dorsal Constrictor-Spiracular-:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Otic Capsule.
  • Insertion: Palatopterygoquadrate.
  • Action: Aids to Elevate Palatoquadrate.

Squalus.

Recall 1st Dorsal Constrictor is made of two muscles: Spiracular and Mandibular Adductor.

93
Q

First Dorsal Constrictor-Mandibular Adductor-:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Palatopterygoquadrate.
  • Insertion: Mandibular Arch.
  • Action: Closes Mouth.

Squalus.

Recall 1st Dorsal Constrictor is made of two muscles: Spiracular and Mandibular Adductor.

94
Q

Second Dorsal Constrictor/ Dorsal Hyoid Constrictor:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Otic Capsule.
  • Insertion: Hyomandibula.
  • Action: Compress Oropharynx.

Squalus.

95
Q

3-6 Dorsal Constrictors:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Vertical Raphe.
  • Insertion: Vertical Raphe
  • Action: Compress Oropharynx.

Squalus.

All Same as the 3-6 Ventral Constrictors.

96
Q

First Levator/ Palatopterygoquadrate Levator:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Otic Capsule.
  • Insertion: Palatopterygoquadrate.
  • Action: Elavates Palatopterygoquadrate.

Squalus.

97
Q

Second Levator/ Hyoid Levator:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Epihyoideus.
  • Insertion: Epihyoideus.
  • Action: Elevates Hyoid.

Squalus.

98
Q

3-6 Levators:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Fascia of Epaxial Muscles.
  • Insertion: Scapula (Scapular Cartilage).
  • Action: Elevates Scapula (Scapular Cartilage).

Squalus.

99
Q

YOU NEED TO MAKE SLIDES FOR THE ALT NAMES OF THE CONSTRICTORS!

100
Q

Common Coracoarcual:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Coracoid Bar.
  • Insertion: Mandibular Adductor.
  • Action: Aids to Open Mouth

Squalus.

101
Q

Coracomandibular:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Coracoid Bar.
  • Insertion: Meckel’s Cartilage.
  • Action: Opens Mouth.

Squalus.

Recall Squalus does not have mandibular Bone.

102
Q

Coracohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Coracoid Bar.
  • Insertion: Basihyal (Of Hyoid.)
  • Action: Braces Jaws for Feeding.

Squalus.

103
Q

3-6 Coracobranchials:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Coracoid Bar.
  • Insertion: Ventral Gill Cartilages.
  • Action: Expands Oropharynx.

Squalus.

104
Q

Pectoral Levator:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Scapula (Cartilage.)
  • Insertion: Pterygiophores.
  • Action: Elevate/ Extend Pectoral Fin.

Squalus.

Pterygiophores: Fin Cartilage.

105
Q

Pectoral Depressor:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A
  • Origin: Coracoid Bar.
  • Insertion: Pterygiophores
  • Action: Depress/ Flex Pectoral Fin.

Squalus.

Pterygiophores: Fin Cartilage.

106
Q

What are the Pterygiophores?

A

The Paired Pectoral Fin Cartilages.

Squalus.

107
Q

Dorsalis Trunci:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

Trunk Region

A
  • Origin: Myosepta & Vertebrae.
  • Insertion: Myosepta & Vertebrae.
  • Action: Laterally Flexes Trunk.

Necturus.

108
Q

External Abdominal Oblique:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Myosepta & Horizontal Septum.
  • Insertion: Myosepta & Horizontal Septum.
  • Action: Laterally Flexes Trunk.
109
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Myosepta & Horizontal Septum.
  • Insertion: Myosepta & Horizontal Septum.
  • Action: Laterally Flexes Trunk.
110
Q

Transverse Abdominis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Horizontal Septum.
  • Insertion: Linea Alba.
  • Action: Laterally Flexes Trunk.
111
Q

Rectus Abdominus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Puboischiadic Plate.
  • Insertion: Coracoid.
  • Action: Ventrally Flexes Trunk.
112
Q

Anterior Mandibular Levator:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Parietal & Frontal.
  • Insertion: Dentary.
  • Action: Raise Lower Jaw.
113
Q

External Mandibular Levator:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Parietal & Frontal.
  • Insertion: Dentary.
  • Action: Raise Lower Jaw.
114
Q

Mandibular Depressor:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Parietal & Squamosal.
  • Insertion: Angular.
  • Action: Depresses Lower Jaw.
115
Q

Dorsalis Trunci:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

Head & Pharyngeal Region.

A

Origin: Myosepta & Vertebrae.
Insertion: Parietal & Opisthotic.
Action: Laterally Turns Head.

116
Q

Branchial Levators: Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Fascia of Epibranchials.
  • Insertion: Epihyals.
  • Action: Raise Gills.
117
Q

Intermandibular:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Dentary & Angular.
  • Insertion: Median Raphe.
  • Action: Tenses Floor of Oropharynx.
118
Q

Interhyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Fascia of Branchiohyoid.
  • Insertion: Median Raphe.
  • Action: Tenses Floor of Oropharynx.
119
Q

Geniohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Dentary.
  • Insertion: Second Basibranchial
  • Action: Moves Hyoid Cranially.
120
Q

Branchiohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: First Gill Arch.
  • Insertion: Ceratohyoid.
  • Action: Moves Hyoid Cranially.
121
Q

Rectus Cervicus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Coracoid.
  • Insertion: Ceratohyoid.
  • Action: Moves Hyoid Cranially.
122
Q

Cucullaris:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Fascia on cervical portion of Dorsalis Trunci.
  • Insertion: Scapula.
  • Action: Move Scapula Craniodorsally.
123
Q

Pectoriscapularis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Fascia on cervical portion of Dorsalis Trunci.
  • Insertion: Scapula
  • Action: Moves Scapula Cranially.
124
Q

Dorsalis Scapulae:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Suprascapular Cartilage.
  • Insertion: Humerus.
  • Action: Abduct Humerus

Abduct/ moving away from midline. Elevating Humerus.

125
Q

Latissimus Dorsi:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A
  • Origin: Fascia on Thoracic portion of Dorsalis Trunci.
  • Insertion: Humerus.
  • Action: Move Humerus Caudally.
126
Q

Procoracohumeralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Procoracoid Cartiliage.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Move Humerus Cranially.

127
Q

Supracoracoideus

Necturus

A

Origin: Linea Alba on Coracoid.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Adduct the humerus.

Adduction: Move Limb Towards Body.

128
Q

Pectoralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Linea Alba on Coracoid.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Adduct Humerus.

Adduction: Move Limb Towards Body.

129
Q

Triceps Brachii:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Coracoid, Scapula, & Humerus.
Insertion: Ulna.
Action: Extends Forearm.

130
Q

Humeroantebrachialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Radius.
Action: Flexes Forearm.

131
Q

Coracobrachialis.
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Coracoid.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Flexes Forearm.

132
Q

Puboischiofemoralis Externus.
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Puboischiadic Plate.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Adducts Femur.

Adduction: Move Limb Towards Body.

133
Q

Puboischialis Internus.
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Puboischiadic Plate.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Moves Femur Anteriorly.

134
Q

Pubotibialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Pubis.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Adducts Femur and Extends Leg.

135
Q

Puboischialtibialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Puboischiadic Plate.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Adducts Femur and Flexes Leg.

136
Q

Ischioflexorius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Ischium.
Insertion: Tibia & Pes
Action: Flexes Leg and Foot.

Pes: Latin for Foot/ Distal Hindlimb.

137
Q

Iliotibialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Iluim.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Extends Leg.

138
Q

Ilioextensorius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Ilium.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Extends Leg.

139
Q

Iliofibularis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

Necturus

A

Origin: Ilium.
Insertion: Fibula.
Action: Extends Leg.

140
Q

External Abdominal Oblique:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Lumbodorsal Aponeurosis & Ribs.
Insertion: Linea Alba & Pubis.
Action: Twists Trunk.

Runs from Back, Oblique Angle ↓ Diagonal Towards Linea Alba & Pubis

141
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Lumbodorsal Aponeurosis.
Insertion: Linea Alba.
Action: Twists Trunk.

Runs from Back Oblique Angle ↑ Diagonal Towards Linea Alba.

142
Q

Transversus Abdominis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: R10-R13
Insertion: Linea Alba.
Action: Twists Trunk.

R: Ribs.

143
Q

Rectus Abdominis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Sternum & Ribs.
Insertion: Pubis.
Action: Flexes Trunk.

Flexions of Trunk= “Sit-up” Exercise.

144
Q

Sternomastoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Manubrium.
Insertion: Temporal.
Action: Laterally Flex Neck.

145
Q

Sternohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Manubrium.
Insertion: Hyoid.
Action: Pulls Hyoid Posteriorly.

146
Q

Digastric:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Basioccipital.
Insertion: Mandible.
Action: Depresses Mandible.

147
Q

Mylohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Mandible.
Insertion: Median Raphe.
Action: Raises Floor of Mouth.

148
Q

Stylohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Stylohyal.
Insertion: Hyoid.
Action: Elevates Hyoid.

149
Q

Masseter:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Zygomatic Arch.
Insertion: Mandible.
Action: Elevates Mandible.

150
Q

Temporalis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Temporal Fossa.
Insertion: Mandible.
Action: Elevates Mandible.

151
Q

Sternothyroid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Manubrium.
Insertion: Thyroid Cartilage.
Action: Pulls Larynx Caudally.

152
Q

Thyrohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Thyroid Cartilage.
Insertion: Hyoid.
Action: Raises Larynx.

153
Q

Cricothyroid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Cricoid Cartilage.
Insertion: Thyroid Cartilage.
Action: Tenses Vocal Cords.

154
Q

Cleidomastoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Clavicle.
Insertion: Temporal.
Action: Laterally Flexes Neck.

155
Q

Geniohyoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Mandible.
Insertion: Hyoid.
Action: Pulls Mandible Cranially.

156
Q

Hyoglossus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Hyoid.
Insertion: Tongue.
Action: Rectracts Tongue.

157
Q

Styloglossus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Stylohyal.
Insertion: Tongue.
Action: Rectracts Tongue.

158
Q

Genioglossus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Mandible.
Insertion: Tongue.
Action: Protracts Base of Tongue.

Protract: Thrust Part of Body Forward.

159
Q

Clavotrapezius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Lamdoidal Crest.
Insertion: Clavicle.
Action: Dorsally Raise Scapula.

160
Q

Acromiotrapezius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Cervical Vertebrae.
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Dorsally Raise Scapula.

161
Q

Spinotrapezius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Thoracic Vertebrae.
Insertion: Scapular Muscle Fascia.
Action: Dorsally Raise Scapula.

162
Q

Clavobrachialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Clavicle.
Insertion: Ulna.
Action: Flexes Forearm.

163
Q

Acromiodeltoid:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Flex & Rotate Humerus.

Flexion: Decreases Angle between 2 bones.

164
Q

Spinodeltiod:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Flex & Rotate Humerus.

Flexion: Decreases Angle between 2 bones.

165
Q

Levator Scapulae Ventralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: C1 & Occipital.
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Raises Scapula Cranially.

C1=Atlas.

166
Q

Latissumus Dorsi:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Thoracic & Lumbar Vertebrae.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Pulls Arms Caudodorsally.

167
Q

Rhomboideus Major:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Cervical & Thoracic Vertebrae.
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Pulls Scapula Dorsally.

168
Q

Rhomboideus Minor:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Cervical Vertebrae.
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Pulls Scapula Dorsally.

169
Q

Rhomboideus Capitus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Occipital.
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Pulls Scapula Cranially.

170
Q

Supraspinatous:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Extends Humerus.

Extension: Increases Angle between 2 bones.

171
Q

Infraspinatous:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Laterally Rotates Humerus.

172
Q

Teres Major:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Medially Rotates Humerus.

173
Q

Teres Minor:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Laterally Rotates Humerus.

174
Q

Pectoantebrachialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Manubrium.
Insertion: Fascia of Forearm.
Action: Adducts Forelimb.

175
Q

Pectoralis Major:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Sternebrae.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Adducts Forelimb.

176
Q

Pectoralis Minor:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Sternebrae.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Adducts Forelimb.

177
Q

Xiphihumeralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Xiphoid Process.
Insertion: Humerus.
Action: Adducts Forelimb.

178
Q

Serratus Ventralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: (Ventral Region) R1-10
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Pulls Scapula Ventrally.

R: Ribs.

179
Q

Levator Scapula:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: C3-C7.
Insertion: Scapula.
Action: Raises Scapula Cranially.

180
Q

Scalenus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ribs.
Insertion: Cervical Vertebrae.
Action: Flexes Neck.

181
Q

External Intercostals:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Border of Rib.
Insertion: Border of Adjacent Rib.
Action: Expands Rib Cage.

182
Q

Internal Intercostals:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Border of Rib.
Insertion: Border of Adjacent Rib.
Action: Compresses Rib Cage.

183
Q

Triceps Brachii:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Scapula & Humerus.
Insertion: Ulna.
Action: Extends Forearm.

184
Q

Anconeus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Ulna.
Action: Extends Forearm.

185
Q

Epitrochlearis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ventral Border of Latissumus Dorsi.
Insertion: Ulna.
Action: Extends Forearm.

186
Q

Brachialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Ulna.
Action: Flexes Forearm.

187
Q

Biceps Brachii:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Radius.
Action: Flexes Forearm.

188
Q

Brachioradialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Radius.
Action: Supinates Forepaw.

189
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus.
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Carpals.
Action: Extends Wrist/ Paw.

190
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Carpals.
Action: Extends Wrist/ Paw.

191
Q

Extensor Digitorum Communis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Metacarpals.
Action: Extends Digits.

192
Q

Extensor Digitorum Lateralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Lateral Metacarpals.
Action: Extends Lateral Digits.

193
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Carpals.
Action: Extends Wrist/ Paw.

194
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus & Ulna.
Insertion: Carpals.
Action: Flexes Wrist/ Paw.

195
Q

Palmaris Longus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Palmar Fascia.
Action: Flexes Palm & Digits.

196
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Carpals.
Action: Flexes Wrist/ Paw.

197
Q

Pronator Teres:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Humerus.
Insertion: Radius.
Action: Pronates Forepaw.

198
Q

Guteus Medius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Sacral & Caudal Vertebrae.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Abducts Thigh.

199
Q

Gluteus Maximus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Sacral & Caudal Vertebrae.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Abducts Thigh.

200
Q

Caudofemoralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Caudal Vertebrae.
Insertion: Patella.
Action: Abducts Thigh & Extends Leg.

201
Q

Tensor Fascia Latae:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ilieum.
Insertion: IT Band.
Action: Tighens IT band.

IT: Iliotibial Band. Runs from Hip to Knee. Stabilizes Hip and Knee Joints.

202
Q

Tenuissimus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: 2nd Caudal Vertebra.
Insertion: Patella.
Action: Abducts Thigh.

203
Q

Biceps Femoris:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ischium.
Insertion: Patella & Tibia.
Action: Flexes Leg.

204
Q

Semitendinosus.
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ischium.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Flexes Leg.

205
Q

Sartorius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ileum.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Adducts & Rotates Thigh.

206
Q

Gracilis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ischiium & Pubic Symphysis.
Insertion: Tibia.
Action: Adducts Thigh.

207
Q

Semimembranosus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ischium
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Extends Thigh.

208
Q

Adductor Magnus.
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ischium & Pubis.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Adducts Thigh.

209
Q

Adductor Longus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Pubis.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Adducts Thigh.

210
Q

Pectineus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Pubis.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Adducts & Extends Thigh.

211
Q

Iliopsoas:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ilium & Lumbar Vertebrae.
Insertion: Femur.
Action: Rotates and Flexes Thigh.

212
Q

Rectus Femoris:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Ilium.
Insertion: Patella.
Action: Extends Leg.

213
Q

Vastus Medialis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Femur.
Insertion: Patella.
Action: Extends Leg.

214
Q

Vastus Lateralis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Femur.
Insertion: Patella.
Action: Extends Leg.

215
Q

Vastus Intermedius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Femur.
Insertion: Patella.
Action: Extends Leg.

216
Q

Gastrocnemius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Femur.
Insertion: Calcaneous.
Action: Extends Hind-Paw.

217
Q

Soleus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Tibia.
Insertion: Calcaneous.
Action: Extends Hind-Paw.

218
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula & Tibia.
Insertion: Phalanges.
Action: Flexes Digits.

219
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula & Tibia.
Insertion: Phalanges.
Action: Flexes Digits.

220
Q

Tibialis Posterior:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula & Tibia.
Insertion: Lateral Cuneiform.
Action: Extends Hind-Paw.

221
Q

Tibialis Anterior:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula & Tibia.
Insertion: 1st Metatersal.
Action: Flexes Hindpaw.

222
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Femur.
Insertion: Phalanges.
Action: Extends Hind-Paw.

223
Q

Peroneus Longus:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula.
Insertion: Metatarsals.
Action: Flexes Hind-Paw.

224
Q

Peroneus Brevis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula.
Insertion: 5th Metatarsal.
Action: Extends Hind-Paw.

225
Q

Peroneus Tertius:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: Fibula.
Insertion: Metatarsals.
Action: Extends & Abducts Digits.

226
Q

Serratus Dorsalis Cranialis.:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: R1-9.
Insertion: Mid-Dorsal Raphe.
Action: Pulls Ribs Cranially.

R- Ribs.

227
Q

Serratus Dorsalis Caudalis:
Origin?
Insertion?
Action?

A

Origin: R10-13
Insertion: Lumbar Vertebrae.
Action: Pulls Ribs Caudally.

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. (6 decks)

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