Circulatory Flashcards
What are the three components of the Circulatory System?
- Blood.
- Blood Vessels.
- Heart.
What are the 3 classes of formed elements?
- RBC’s: Erythrocytes.
- WBC’s: Leukocytes.
- Platelets: Thrombocytes.
What are the 2 major classes of Leukocytes?
- Granular Luekocytes.
- Agranular Leukocytes.
What are the 3 types of Granular Leukocytes?
- Basophils.
- Eosinophils.
- Neutrophils.
Means you can see granules on light microscope.
What are the 2 types of Agranular Leukocytes?
- Lymphocytes.
- Monocytes.
What process produces the formed elements?
Hemopoiesis/ Hematopoiesis.
What are the 6 main embryonic hematopoietic centers?
- Yolk Sac.
- Liver.
- Spleen.
- Thymus.
- Lymph nodes.
- Bone Marrow.
What is the main adult/ mature hematopoietic centers?
Red Bone Marrow.
What is Myeloid Tissue?
Red Bone Marrow.
Where do Agranulocytes originate and mature?
Origin: Myeloid Tissue.
Mature: Elsewhere.
EX: T-Cells Mature in Thymus.
Myeloid Tissue: Red Bone Marrow.
Where do Granulocytes originate and mature?
Origin: Myeloid Tissue.
Mature: Myeloid Tissue.
Myeloid Tissue: Red Bone Marrow.
Multipotent Stem Cell of the Myeloid tissue which can differentiate into any blood cell?
Hemocytoblast.
Myeloid Tissue: Red Bone Marrow.
Extracellular Component of the blood?
Plasma.
What are the 3 Plasma Proteins of the Blood?
- Albumin (BLD Viscosity).
- Globulins (Immunoglobulins).
- Fibrinogen (Inactive Form of Fibrin- Clotting Factor).
What are the three tunics of a blood vessel from inner most to outer?
- Tunica Intima/ Interna.
- Tunica Media.
- Tunica Adventitia/ Externa.
Which blood vessel Tunic is simple squamous supported by areolar C.T.
Tunica Intima.
The Simple Squamous is called endothelium.
Which blood vessel Tunic contains smooth muscle?
Tunica Media.
Which blood vessel Tunic is loose C.T. and may have other blood vessels within it when servicing larger vessels?
Tunica Adventitia.
What are the smaller vessels which service larger vessels called?
What layer are they found in?
Vasa Vasorum.
They are mostly found in Tunica Adventitia but may penetrate all the way to tunica Intima.
What are the 3 classes of Arteries?
- Elastic.
- Muscular.
- Arteriole.
What is the Circular Cuff of Muscle which controls blood flow to the capillary beds?
A Precapillary Sphincter.
When a Vein and Artery connect bypassing a capillary bed?
Arteriovenous Shunt.
Shunt is Artery-Vein.
Anastomosis is connection of any two blood vessels (Includes Shunts).
Shunt Vs Anastomosis?
Shunt: Vein Connected to Artery.
Anastomosis: Any Two Joined Blood Vessels.
What are capillaries made of?
Just Endothelium.
Can be Continuous, Discontinuous, or Sinusoid.
Endothelium on it’s own is not considered tunica intima.
What type of Capillary bed has a complete endothelium layer?
Continuous Capillaries.
(Not Considered Tunica Intima.)
Most Widely Distributed.
What type of Capillary Bed has an incomplete Endothelium?
Discontinuous/ Fenestrated Capillaries.
How are Sinusoids different from more commonly distributed capillaries?
- Wider Lumen.
- Fenestra guarded by Macrophages.
May or May not be “True” Capillaries.
Found in the Liver.
What type of vein and artery carry blood to and from the capillary beds?
To: Arteriole.
From: Venule.
What are the four types of veins?
- Large.
- Medium.
- Small.
- Venule.
What is the thickest Tunic in Veins?
Tunica Adventitia.
In Arteries: Tunica Media.
What structure within a vein prevents back flow? (Due to a lack of pressure.)
What is the tissue making this structure?
Veins will have Valves.
These valves are folds of the Tunica Intima.
Tunica Intima: Endothelium (Simple Squamous) & Areolar (Loose Irr) C.T.
What Body Cavity Encloses the heart?
Pericardial Cavity.
What Serous Membrane Encases the Heart?
Pericardium.
What are the 3 tissue layers of the heart wall from inner to outer?
Inner
* Endocardium: Includes Endothelium.
* Myocardium: Thickest/ Muscular.
* Epicardium: C.T. & Serous Membrane.
What Blood Vessels Supply Blood to the heart?
Coronary Arteries.
What are the two major categories of vertebrate hearts?
Single & Double circuit.
What type of heart do fish have?
Single Circuit Heart.
What is the blood flow of fish as it enters the heart?
Deoxygenated blood from body.
1. Sinus Venosus.
2. Atrium.
3. Ventricle.
4. Conus Arteriosus.
5. Gills Oxygenates.
7. Body Deoxygenates.
What clade has double circuit hearts?
Amniotes.
Function of the Pulmonary Blood Circuit?
Supplies the heart with oxygen.
Carries blood from the heart to lungs and back to the heart.
This is the group of vessels which may carry Oxygenated blood in a vein.
Vein: Carries blood to the heart.
Function of the Systemic Blood Circuit?
Supplies the body with oxygen.
Carries oxygenated Blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Which 3 classes of vertebrates have Sinus Venosus?
- Fish.
- Amphibians.
- Reptiles.
- Embryonic in others.
What is the Sinus Venosus?
Chamber which collects blood from the veins (of Body.)and brings it into the atrium of the heart.
Present in Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Embryonic in others.
Tissue of the Sinus Venosus?
Why?
Thin, mostly Fibrous Connective Tissue, little Muscle.
This is becuase it has little contractile action, as the pressure from the ventricle is what drains it.
Sinus Venosus connects to Atrium.
What is the Opening blood travels through from the Sinus Venosus to the Atrium?
In Shark/ Fish.
Sinoatrial Aperture.
Guarded by a pair of Unidirectional Valves.
What is the Opening blood travels through from the Atrium to the Ventricle?
In Shark/ Fish.
The Atrioventricular Aperture.
Guarded by a pair of Unidirectional Valves.
What Structure recives blood from the ventricle in the Shark/ Fish?
Conus Arteriosus- Elasmobranchs.
Conus Bulbosus: Teleosts.
Where does blood travel to after going through the Bonus arteriosus/ Bulbus Arteriosus?
To the Gills for oxygenation.
What is the histology of the Conus Arteriosus/ Bulbus Arteriosus?
The Arteriosus will be composed of thick Cardiac muscle & Elastic C.t.
The muscle allows for Steady Blood Pressure.
Fish/ Sharks.
How does the Conus Arteriosus prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle?
Semilunar Valves.
What structure carries blood from the ventricle in Teleosts?
Bulbus Arteriosus.
Shorter and Wider.
Bony Fish.
What two clades of organisms were the first to show aerial adaptations to the heart?
Dipnoans and Amphibians.
