Skeletal

Question 1

What are the bones in the body?

Answer 1

Anterior:
cranium
clavicle
sternum
scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges

Bottom half:
pelvis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

Question 2

What are the main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

movement - joints act as levers allowing running motion

protection - the bones protect vital organs
- e.g. the cranium protects the brain

support - provides a framework
- e.g. running

blood cell production -

mineral storage - calcium and phosphrus

Question 3

What are the types of bones?

Answer 3

long bones - movement and blood cell production
> e.g. femur

short bones - support and weight bearing
> e.g. carpals

flat bones - protection and movement
> e.g. cranium

irregular bones - support, movement and protection
> e.g. vertebrae

Question 4

What is a joint?

Answer 4

Where two or more bones articulate to create movement.

Question 5

What are synovial joints?

Answer 5

they are freely moveable joints

Question 6

What is the weeping lubrication theory?

Answer 6

> synovial fluid is also in the articular cartilage. When the joint is compressed it seeps out to reduce friction

> when movement stops the synovial fluid is reabsorbed

Question 7

What is the function and structure of a ligament?

Answer 7

Function - it connects bone to bone, and stabilises the joint during movement

Structure - tough band of slightly elasticated tissue

Question 8

What is the function and structure of a articular cartilage?

Answer 8

Function - Absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

Structure - smooth tissue which covers surface of bone

Question 9

What is the function and structure of a joint capsule?

Answer 9

Function - encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Structure - a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Question 10

What is the function and structure of the bursa?

Answer 10

Function - reduces friction between tendons and bones

Structure - a closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Question 11

What is the function and structure of the pad of fat?

Answer 11

Function - fill large gaps in the joint capsules and aid stability

Structure - group of tightly packed fat cells

Question 12

What is the function and structure of the meniscus?

Answer 12

Function - reduces and absorbs shock

Structure - pad of white fibrocartilage

Question 13

What are the types of synovial joints?

Answer 13

Hinge joint
Ball and Socket joint
Pivot
Gliding
Condyloid

Question 14

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 14

> a cylindrical bone articulates with a trough shaped bone held tightly by ligaments

> limited sideways movement

> motion restricted to one plane
- sagittal plane

> elbow and knee joint

Question 15

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 15

> cup shaped socket

> large range of motion in all three planes

> shoulder, more range movement, but less stable (easier to dislocate)

> hip, less range of movement

Question 16

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 16

> a rounded bone articulates with a ring shaped bone that restricts motion to one plane

> radio-ulna joint

> neck (atlas + axis)

Question 17

What is a gliding joint?

Answer 17

> flat, similar sized bones with limited motion across three planes

> between tarsals and carpals

> spine

Question 18

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 18

> similar to bell and socket

> flatter bone surfaces; allow motion in two planes

> wrist

Question 19

What is Flexion and Extension?

Answer 19

Flexion - decreasing the angle at the joint
Extension - increasing the angle at the joint

Found at hinge joints and ball and socket joints.

Question 20

What is Dorsi Flexion and Plantar Flexion?

Answer 20

Dorsi Flexion - brings the toes upwards to the shin.
Plantar Flexion - pointing the toes away. (points their toes)
> only in the ankle joint

Question 21

What is Abduction and Adduction?

Answer 21

Abduction - makes the body part move from/away the midline
Adduction - brings the body part towards the midline.

Question 22

What is Horizontal Flexion and Horizontal Extension?

Answer 22

Horizontal Flexion - moving the arm in a medial motion
Horizontal Extension - moving the arm in a lateral motion
> movement at the shoulder when the
shoulder is flexed

Question 23

What is Rotation and Circumduction?

Answer 23

Rotation - movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action.
Circumduction - makes a joint perform a cone shape. The joint stays still and the body part moves in a circle.

Question 24

What is Pronation and Supernation?

Answer 24

Pronation - brings palms to face down
Supernation - brings palms to face up
> occur at he radio-ulna joint

Question 25

What is Lateral Flexion?

Answer 25

It involves bending the spine sideways as you might do as part of a warm up.
> unique to the spine