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Pe - Anatomy and Physiology > Energy for Exercise > Flashcards

Energy for Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed.

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2
Q

What 3 forms can energy exist in for exercise?

A
  1. chemical (food that we eat)
  2. potential (stored energy in the food)
  3. kinetic (converted into movement)
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3
Q

What can the food we eat be stored as?

A
  1. amino acids
  2. triglycerides
  3. glycogen

> these are then used for energy production (release)

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4
Q

What compound do fuels convert to once metabolised?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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5
Q

What cellular process does energy provide when ATP is broken down ?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Nerve transmission
  3. Muscular contraction
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6
Q

How is energy used and resynthesised through two systems?

A

Aerobic and Anerobic

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7
Q

ATP Breakdown

A
  1. ATP is stored in the muscle cell and is the only immediately available source of energy for muscle contraction
  2. Made up of 1 adenosine and 3 phosphates held together by bonds of chemical energy
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8
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Chemical process that occurs within a cell to maintain life.
Some substances are broken down to provide energy while others are resythesized to store energy.

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9
Q

What’s an exothermic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction which releases energy

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10
Q

What’s an Endothermic Reaction?

A

a chemical reaction which absorbs energy

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11
Q

What’s a coupled reaction?

A

Where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction

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12
Q

What’s sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm or fluid within the muscle cell which holds stores of PC, glycogen and myoglobin

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13
Q

What’s mitochondria?

A

A structure within the cell where aerobic respiration and energy production occur

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14
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

a red protein in the muscle cell responsible for carrying and storing oxygen

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15
Q

What is the ATP-PC system?

A

Works during very high-intensity activity after the 1st 2 secs of high intensity activity depletes the original ATP stores

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16
Q

What enzyme is used to break down phosphocreatine?

A

creatine kinase

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17
Q

What is phosphocreatine made up of?

A

creatine with a high energy phosphate bond

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18
Q

Where is phosphocreatine stored?

A

stored on site in muscle cells

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19
Q

How does PC resynthesise ATP?

A

the breakdown of PC releases a free (extra) phosphate and energy which can be used to resynthsise ATP

20
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

product of 1 reaction that is used in another reaction

21
Q

How to improve the efficiency of the ATP-PC system?

A
  1. anaerobic high intensity training should be used
  2. maximal, explosive strength training will increase muscle mass which boosts storage capacity of ATP and PC
  3. performer can supplement creatine and load phosphates in addition to a high protein diet
22
Q

Breakdown of PC

A

PC —> P + C + energy

( exothermic reaction)

23
Q

Resynthesis of ATP

A

energy + P + ADP —> ATP

24
Q

Breakdown of ATP

A

ATP —> ADP + P + energy for muscular contraction

25
Q

What are the advantages of the ATP-PC system?

A
  1. no delay for oxygen
  2. PC readily available in muscle cell
  3. Simple and rapid breakdown of PC and resynthesis of ATP
  4. provides energy for high intensity activities
  5. no fatigue by products and simple compounds aids fast recovery
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system?

A

Low ATP yield and small PC stores lead to rapid fatigue after 8-10secs

27
Q

What is glucose

A

is an energy rich molecule which circulates in the blood stream
C6H12O6

28
Q

Where is the site of the reaction? (glycolytic system)

A

sarcoplasm

29
Q

What’s the ATP yield? (glycolytic system)

A

1 mole of glycogen yields 2 moles of ATP (1:2)

30
Q

What is the by-product of the glycolytic system?

A

lactic acid

31
Q

Duration of the glycolytic system

A

up to 3 mins depending on intensity

32
Q

What triggers the glycolytic system?

A

> After 10 secs of intense exercise, has exhausted PC stores and ATP levels fall
ADP and P stores rise which triggers the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK)

33
Q

What does the enzyme phosphofructokinase do?

A

It breaks down glucose
Produces energy and pyruvic acid

34
Q

How is Pyruvic acid broken down?

A

Is broken down by enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Produces lactic acid

35
Q

What happens when glucose levels start to dip?

A

Enzyme glycogen phosphorylase (GPP) which breaks down stored glycogen in muscles and the liver is released.
This converts glycogen into glucose to keep its levels high in the blood stream.

36
Q

What happens as lactic acid levels rise?

A

The pH in the muscle cells decrease.
This inhibits enzyme activity to prevent further breakdown of fuel and ATP re synthesis.
Results in localised muscle fatigue

37
Q

What is OBLA

A

OBLA = onset of blood lactate accumulation
It is a significant rise in the blood lactate levels
Occurs at around 4mmol/l

38
Q

How can the efficiency of the glycolytic system be improved?

A
  1. High intensity, anaerobic training and aerobic training close to anaerobic threshold should be performed
  2. This will improve strength endurance, buffering capacity, removal of lactic acid and recovery rates
  3. Glucose and bicarbonate supplements and pre/post event meals to maximise body’s stores of glycogen and buffering capacity
  4. Combining the correct training and diet will maximise fuel stores and minimise lactic acid accumulation
  5. correct training also delays OBLA and early onset of fatigue
39
Q

What are the advantages of the glycolytic system?

A
  1. No delay for O2 and large fuel stores in the liver, muscles and blood streams
  2. Relatively fast fuels breakdown for ATP resynthesis
  3. Provides energy for high intensity activities for up to 3mins
  4. Lactic acid can be recycled into fuel for further energy production
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of the glycolytic system?

A

> Fatigue by product lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity
Relatively low ATP yield and recovery can be lengthy

41
Q

When would the aerobic system be used

A
  • Used during low to moderate intensity activity.
  • The arrival of sufficient O2 enables continued energy production
  • The aerobic system utilises around 95% of the potential energy in glucose.
42
Q

3 stages of aerobic system

A

• Aerobic glycolysis
• Kreb’s cycle
• Electron transport chain (ETC)

43
Q

What is aerobic glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, this is caused by PFK catalysing the reaction. This releases enough energy to resynthesise 2 moles of ATP.
  2. O2 is now in sufficient supply, so pyruvic acid doesn’t turn to lactic acid
  3. Goes through a linked reaction catalysed by a coenzyme A, which produces acetyl CoA.
    This allows access to the mitochondria
44
Q

What’s the kreb cycle?

A
  1. acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid which is oxidised through a cycle of reactions.
  2. CO2, hydrogen and enough energy to resynthesise 2 moles of ATP are released
    This process occurs in matrix of the mitochondria
45
Q

What is Electron Transport Chain

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms are carried through the ETC along the cristae (folds of the inner membrane) of the mitochondria by NAD and FAD (hydrogen carriers)
  2. They split into ions (H+) and electrons (H−)
  3. Hydrogen ions are oxidised and removed as H2O
  4. Pairs of hydrogen electrons carried by NAD (NADH2) release enough energy to resynthesise 30moles of ATP
  5. Those carried by FAD (FADH2) release enough energy to resynthesise 4moles of ATP

Pe - Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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