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Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

How do osteoblasts turn into osteocytes?

A

One they synthesize enough hydroxyapatite, collagen, and protein, osteoblasts mature into an osteocyte.

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2
Q

Hinge joints movement and examples.

A

Movement backward and forward, between phalanges, femur and tibia/fibula.

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3
Q

What is an Osteon and what does it contain? (5)

A

Is a functioning unit of compact bone that contains Haversian systems, lamellae, lacunae, blood vessels, and nerves.

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4
Q

What are synovial joints and an example?

A

Diarthroses joints that are moveable and have various ranges of motion, there is synovial fluid between the articulation of the joints that allow for this movement. Hip and pelvis, shoulder and humerus.

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5
Q

What two proteins make osteoid?

A

osteocalcin and osteopotin

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6
Q

What type of tissue are bones?

A

Connective tissue.

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7
Q

Features of compact bones (3), and what it contains (5).

A

Heavy, dense, and strong bones. Contains Haversian systems, perforating or Volksmann canal, Lamella, lacunae, and osteons.

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8
Q

What are Lamellae

A

Circles/layers of compact bone.

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9
Q

Irregular bone structure and examples.

A

Don’t belong in any category, are irregularly shaped. Vertebrate, patella.

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10
Q

Long bone structure and example.

A

Long bones that contain a proximal and distal epiphysis and a diaphysis, for example, the femur, humerus, radius, tibia, ulna, fibula.

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11
Q

Three parts of a long bone

A

Proximal and distal epiphysis, the middle part is diaphysis.

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12
Q

Name the part labeled H

A

Haversian canal

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13
Q

Axial skeleton contains: (3)

A

Skull Vertebral Column Ribs and sternum

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14
Q

What are Haversian systems

A

Tightly compacted cylinders with a central canal that carries blood vessels and nerves - run parallel to the long axis of the bone.

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15
Q

Condyloid joints movement and examples.

A

Condyloid joints allow biaxial movement, backward and forward and side to side, but not a full range of motion. Metacarpals and phalanges.

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16
Q

Pivot joints movement and examples

A

Pivot joints allow rotation, located in the neck, wrist, and elbow.

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17
Q

What are condyles covered by?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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18
Q

What are cartilaginous joints and examples?

A

Amphiarthrosis joints that are immovable or slightly movable, articulation between the ribs and sternum.

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19
Q

What is the name of the round prominence on the end of long bones?

A

Condyles.

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20
Q

What is the Volksmann (perforating) canal

A

Runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone, joins Haversian canals together, and carries blood vessels and nerves.

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21
Q

Name the part labeled C

A

Osteon

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22
Q

Name the part labeled E

A

Lacunae

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23
Q

Which part of the skull protects the brain stem?

A

Occipital.

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24
Q

Where does red blood cell production take place?

A

In the red marrow of the cancellous bone.

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25
Q

What is cancellous bone, and what does it contain?

A

Spongy soft bone located within compact bone. It contains both red and yellow marrow.

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26
Q

How is a fracture healed?

A

A hemorrhage occurs when a bone is fractured which results in the formation of a blood clot. Osteoblasts come along and turn the blood clot into calluses, or healing tissue. The callus bridges the gap made by the fracture and begins to stabilize and remodel the bone, the more callus there is the more movement occurred during healing. Osteoclasts break down the callus while osteoblasts replace it with bone.

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27
Q

Foramen. 1: Where is this located? 2: What does it contain? 3: How do vets use this?

A

Hole in the back of the mandible that contains blood and nerves. This is where dental experts inject the anaesthetic when performing dental procedures.

28
Q

What is alkaline phosphate?

A

It is the enzyme that produces hydroxyapatite.

29
Q

Apendicular skeleton contains: (4)

A

Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs

30
Q

Ligaments link _____ to ______

A

bone, bone

31
Q

Three things necessary for optimum healing after a fracture/break?

A

Alignment, immobilization, time.

32
Q

Flat bone structure and example.

A

Relatively flat and thin. Ribs, skull, scapula, pelvis.

33
Q

Name the part labeled G

A

Trabeculae of spongy bone.

34
Q

Saddle joints movement and example

A

Biaxial movement on the sagittal and frontal planes, less range than condyloid joints. Carpal and metacarpal of the thumb.

35
Q

Matured cells that form bone

A

Osteocytes

36
Q

The location, structure, and function of the epiphysial plate

A

The epiphysial plate is located at the proximal and distal epiphysis of a long bone. The epiphysial plate is made out of regenerating cartilage that is ossified and replaced by bone in order for the long bone to grow until it is fully formed.

37
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)

A

Support soft tissue Movement, attachment for skeletal muscle Protection of our organs Store and release minerals and fat Forming blood cells eg red bone marrow.

38
Q

Characteristics of synovial joints

A

cartilage layer, hyaline cartilage, that covers the end of the bones and is surrounded by synovial fluid, which is enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule and reinforced by ligaments.

39
Q

Ball and socket joints movement and examples.

A

Ball and socket joints are the most free-moving joints in the body, they allow for side to side, backward and forward, and almost 360-degree rotating motion. Hip and femur, scapula and humerus.

40
Q

Short bone structure and example.

A

Short, cube shaped bones. Carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges.

41
Q

Name the part labeled F

A

Osteon of compact bone.

42
Q

Gliding joints (plane joints) movements and examples.

A

Gliding joints are joined together by ligaments and allow flat bones to glide over each other. Between carpal bones, between carpal bones or sacrum and ilium bones.

43
Q

Cells that form bone

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

What is the name of red blood cell production?

A

Hematopoiesis

45
Q

what is the purpose of red bone marrow?

A

to produce red blood cells.

46
Q

Foramen magnum. 1: Where is it found? 2: Where is it located?

A

Located at the base of the spine in the occipital bone, it is where the spinal column connects to the skull.

47
Q

How long do red blood cells live?

A

A couple of months in cats and dogs.

48
Q

What do osteoblasts synthesize (2) and produce?

A

Collagen and protein, alkaline phosphate.

49
Q

What is an osteocyte, what is its structure and function, and where does it live?

A

An osteocyte is a mature osteoblast shaped like a star whose branches are used to communicate with other osteoblasts and osteocytes to maintain bone. It occupies lacunae in the bone.

50
Q

What is Intramembranous bone formation, in which bones is it found, and why is that useful?

A

The membranous bone formation is common in some skull bones. Forms fibrous tissue membranes in utero which does not fully form, allowing the baby to be born without getting stuck.

51
Q

Name the part labeled I

A

Volkmann’s canal

52
Q

What are fibrous joints (scientific name), and examples?

A

Are synarthrosis joints that are immovable, such as the joints in the skull

53
Q

Name the part labeled D

A

Periosteum

54
Q

The hollow region in the diaphysis that contains yellow marrow?

A

Medullary cavity.

55
Q

Structure of an osteoblast.

A

Single nuclei, blob-like.

56
Q

Name the part labeled B

A

Canaliculi

57
Q

Name the part labeled A

A

Lamillae

58
Q

What are Lacunae

A

Circular bed in osteon that contains matured osteoblasts, osteocytes.

59
Q

Cells that break bone down

A

Osteoclasts

60
Q

What is endochondral bone formation, in which bones does it happen, and why is it useful?

A

Endochondral bone formation is the breaking down of the epiphysial growth plate cartilage to replace it with bone during growth. This occurs in the long bones of young animals, and humans.

61
Q

Tendonds tie _____ to ____

A

Muscle, bone

62
Q

What does an osteoclast do and how?

A

Breaks down the bone by using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.

63
Q

What is hypocalcemia, and how is it caused?

A

Calcium is a mineral that bones release. If lactating ewes or cows lack calcium they will suffer from hypocalcemia whose symptoms include wobbles and weakness.

64
Q

What is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?

A

to store fat.

65
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

They are the strong connective fibrous tissue that appears as strands, that connect the periosteum to the bone.

Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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