Nervous system Brain

Question 1

What are the four main divisions (parts) of the brain?

Answer 1

Cerebral Hemispheres or Cerebrum
Diencephalon (term used to describe collectively the hypothalamus, thalamus and sometimes pituitary)
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

Question 2

What parts of the brain make up each division (part)?

Answer 2

Cerebral Hemispheres or Cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes.
Diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus and sometimes pituitary)
Brain stem: (collectively the medulla, pons and midbrain)
Cerebellum

Question 3

What is the function of the brain?

Answer 3

Sensory areas consciously interpret sensory impulses.
Motor areas control voluntary muscular movement.
Basal ganglia are areas of grey matter found in the cerebrum deep to the floor of the lateral ventricles control gross muscle movements and regulate muscle tone.
Memory, emotion, language and reasoning are also located in areas of the cerebrum bordering the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 4

Describe the difference between sensory and motor.

Answer 4

Sensory nerve fibres conduct sensations from sensory receptors in skin and other locations, to the CNS, this pathway is known as afferent. Motor nerve fibres conduct impulses away from the CNS, towards muscles and organs, this pathway is known as efferent.

Question 5

Where is and what is the function(s) of the cerebrum (2)?

Answer 5

o The largest and uppermost part of the brain contains two hemispheres (left and right) Contains the major lobes of the brain
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
- Sensory areas consciously interpret sensory impulses
- Motor areas control voluntary muscular movement

• Memory, emotion, language and reasoning are also located in areas of the cerebrum bordering the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 6

The frontal lobe is responsible for:

Answer 6

Higher intellect

Question 7

The parietal lobe is responsible for:

Answer 7

The higher sensory area.

Question 8

The occipital lobe is responsible for:

Answer 8

Visual association.

Question 9

What are the basal ganglia? what is their function?

Answer 9

Areas of grey matter found in the cerebrum deep to the floor of the lateral ventricles control gross muscle movements and regulate muscle tone.

Question 10

Where are memory, emotion, language, and reasoning located?

Answer 10

in the areas of the cerebrum bordering the hypothalamus and the thalamus in the temporal lobe

Question 11

The temporal lobe is responsible for:

Answer 11

Memory, auditory functions, language interpretation.

Question 12

What is the name of the divisional groove in the brain?

Answer 12

Longitudinal fissure.

Question 13

What are sulci?

Answer 13

Shallow grooves in the brain.

Question 14

What are gyri?

Answer 14

The folds of the brain.

Question 15

What are fissures?

Answer 15

The deeper grooves in the brain.

Question 16

What is the function of the cerebellum (4), where is it found?

Answer 16

Caudal of the occipital lobe

• Involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns including maintenance of balance
• Memory storage of learned motor patterns
• Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.
• Cerebrum and cerebellum work together in assessing movement, position, and the need for adjustments for posture and coordination of movements

Question 17

What parts make up the diencephalon?

Answer 17

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland.

Question 18

What are the function of the thalamus (4)?

Answer 18

• Relays sensory impulses except smell to the cerebral cortex
• Relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
• Interprets pain, temp, light touch, and pressure sensations
• Anterior nucleus functions in memory

Question 19

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

The center that controls autonomic functions and hormone production from the pituitary.

Question 20

What are the functions of the pituitary gland (2)?

Answer 20

• Controls release of hypothalamic hormones

- Secretes hormones regulating the endocrine activity

Question 21

What three parts make up the brainstem?

Answer 21

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

Question 22

What are the functions of the midbrain (4)?

Answer 22

• Relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons and spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
• Processing visual and auditory input
• Moderates somatic reflexes (skeletal muscle)
• Consciousness

Question 23

What are the functions of the pons (2)?

Answer 23

• Relay impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord
• Contains involuntary somatic and visceral motor centers especially those related to respiration

Question 24

What is the function of the medulla?

Answer 24

• Relays sensory impulses to thalamus
• Relays motor impulses from frontal lobe to spinal cord
• Automatic centers for regulation of visceral(organ) function ie cardiovascular, resp, and digestive system activities
• Area of cross over of voluntary motor tracts

Question 25

How are the brain and spinal cord protected?

Answer 25

- bones of the skull, - the meninges - cerebrospinal fluid

Question 26

What are the three layers of the meninges?

Answer 26

The outer layer- dura mater The middle layer- Arachnoid mater The inner layer- Pia mater

Question 27

What is the dura mater made of?

Answer 27

Tough fibrous tissue, there are two layers and a space in between that contains fluid, blood vessels, etc.

Question 28

What is the arachnoid mater look like/made of?

Answer 28

A web-like layer made up of smooth membrane. Cerebral spinal fluid flows between this layer and the pia mater.

Question 29

What is the pia mater?

Answer 29

The delicate, transparent membrane that covers the external layer of the brain and the blood vessels that penetrate it.

Question 30

Where is a cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Answer 30

In the choroid plexuses in the four ventricles in the brain.

Question 31

What is a choroid plexus?

Answer 31

specialised bundle of capillaries surrounded by specialised cells that carefully control the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid that is filtered from the capillaries into the ventricles.

Question 32

Functions of CSF

Answer 32

To provide the brain and spinal cord with a liquid cushion.

Question 33

Functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 33

Two way conduction.

Question 34

What is the spinal cord made of?

Answer 34

neurons, cell bodies, axons and dendrites with small amount of supporting tissue

Question 35

Where does the spinal cord extend??

Answer 35

From the foramen magnum to the 6th or 7th lumbar vertebrae.