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Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous system Brain > Flashcards

Nervous system Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main divisions (parts) of the brain?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres or Cerebrum
Diencephalon (term used to describe collectively the hypothalamus, thalamus and sometimes pituitary)
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What parts of the brain make up each division (part)?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres or Cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes.
Diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus and sometimes pituitary)
Brain stem: (collectively the medulla, pons and midbrain)
Cerebellum

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3
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Sensory areas consciously interpret sensory impulses.
Motor areas control voluntary muscular movement.
Basal ganglia are areas of grey matter found in the cerebrum deep to the floor of the lateral ventricles control gross muscle movements and regulate muscle tone.
Memory, emotion, language and reasoning are also located in areas of the cerebrum bordering the thalamus and hypothalamus

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4
Q

Describe the difference between sensory and motor.

A

Sensory nerve fibres conduct sensations from sensory receptors in skin and other locations, to the CNS, this pathway is known as afferent. Motor nerve fibres conduct impulses away from the CNS, towards muscles and organs, this pathway is known as efferent.

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5
Q

Where is and what is the function(s) of the cerebrum (2)?

A

o The largest and uppermost part of the brain contains two hemispheres (left and right) Contains the major lobes of the brain
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
- Sensory areas consciously interpret sensory impulses
- Motor areas control voluntary muscular movement

  • Memory, emotion, language and reasoning are also located in areas of the cerebrum bordering the thalamus and hypothalamus
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6
Q

The frontal lobe is responsible for:

A

Higher intellect

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7
Q

The parietal lobe is responsible for:

A

The higher sensory area.

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8
Q

The occipital lobe is responsible for:

A

Visual association.

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9
Q

What are the basal ganglia? what is their function?

A

Areas of grey matter found in the cerebrum deep to the floor of the lateral ventricles control gross muscle movements and regulate muscle tone.

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10
Q

Where are memory, emotion, language, and reasoning located?

A

in the areas of the cerebrum bordering the hypothalamus and the thalamus in the temporal lobe

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11
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for:

A

Memory, auditory functions, language interpretation.

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12
Q

What is the name of the divisional groove in the brain?

A

Longitudinal fissure.

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13
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow grooves in the brain.

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14
Q

What are gyri?

A

The folds of the brain.

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15
Q

What are fissures?

A

The deeper grooves in the brain.

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16
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum (4), where is it found?

A

Caudal of the occipital lobe

  • Involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns including maintenance of balance
  • Memory storage of learned motor patterns
  • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.
  • Cerebrum and cerebellum work together in assessing movement, position, and the need for adjustments for posture and coordination of movements
17
Q

What parts make up the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland.

18
Q

What are the function of the thalamus (4)?

A
  • Relays sensory impulses except smell to the cerebral cortex
  • Relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
  • Interprets pain, temp, light touch, and pressure sensations
  • Anterior nucleus functions in memory
19
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

The center that controls autonomic functions and hormone production from the pituitary.

20
Q

What are the functions of the pituitary gland (2)?

A
  • Controls release of hypothalamic hormones

- Secretes hormones regulating the endocrine activity

21
Q

What three parts make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

22
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain (4)?

A
  • Relays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons and spinal cord and relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
  • Processing visual and auditory input
  • Moderates somatic reflexes (skeletal muscle)
  • Consciousness
23
Q

What are the functions of the pons (2)?

A
  • Relay impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord
  • Contains involuntary somatic and visceral motor centers especially those related to respiration
24
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A
  • Relays sensory impulses to thalamus
  • Relays motor impulses from frontal lobe to spinal cord
  • Automatic centers for regulation of visceral(organ) function ie cardiovascular, resp, and digestive system activities
  • Area of cross over of voluntary motor tracts
25
Q

How are the brain and spinal cord protected?

A
  • bones of the skull,
  • the meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid
26
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

The outer layer- dura mater
The middle layer- Arachnoid mater
The inner layer- Pia mater

27
Q

What is the dura mater made of?

A

Tough fibrous tissue, there are two layers and a space in between that contains fluid, blood vessels, etc.

28
Q

What is the arachnoid mater look like/made of?

A

A web-like layer made up of smooth membrane. Cerebral spinal fluid flows between this layer and the pia mater.

29
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

The delicate, transparent membrane that covers the external layer of the brain and the blood vessels that penetrate it.

30
Q

Where is a cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the choroid plexuses in the four ventricles in the brain.

31
Q

What is a choroid plexus?

A

specialised bundle of capillaries surrounded by specialised cells that carefully control the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid that is filtered from the capillaries into the ventricles.

32
Q

Functions of CSF

A

To provide the brain and spinal cord with a liquid cushion.

33
Q

Functions of the spinal cord?

A

Two way conduction.

34
Q

What is the spinal cord made of?

A

neurons, cell bodies, axons and dendrites with small amount of supporting tissue

35
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend??

A

From the foramen magnum to the 6th or 7th lumbar vertebrae.

Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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