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Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Reduction division - produces gametes which have half the number of chromosomes as their parent cells.

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2
Q

What is the haploid chromosome number?

A

It is the number of chromosomes in a daughter cell that has half the number of chromosomes as their parent cell eg gamete.

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3
Q

What is the diploid chromosome number?

A

It is the number of chromosomes within a cell that has not been divided eg neuron.

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4
Q

The difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

During mitosis the chromosomes make a copy of themselves to produce the daughter cell so they are identical to the parent cell. During meiosis the genetic code of the cell is being completely pulled apart so the daugher cells have only half of the chromosomes as their parent cell.

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5
Q

Genetic Code Letters ACGT meanings?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guamine, Thymine.

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6
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process of making spermatozoa

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7
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Gametes are sex cells eg ovum, spermatozoa.

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8
Q

Where is spermatozoa produced?

A

In the semi-niferous tubules in the testicles.

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9
Q

Number of chromosomes in primary spermatocyte?

A

Diploid chromosome number.

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10
Q

Number of chromosomes in the spermatid?

A

Hapoloid chromosome number.

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11
Q

Explain spermatogenesis and how we get different genders. Mention primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa.

A

The primary spermatocyte, containing the diploid chromosome number, divides itself into two daughter cells called secondary spermatocytes, each will contain either an x chromosome or a y chromosome. The x secondary spermatocyte will undergo mitosis to produce two x chromosome spermatids, and the y secondary spermatocyte will undergo mitosis to produce two y chromosome spermatids. Spermatids do not undergo any other cell division but other physical changes, including growing tails, turn them into spermatozoa.

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12
Q

What is oogenesis and where does it occur?

A

Process that produces ova in the developing ovarian follicle that is designed to produce a small number of ova.

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13
Q

How is ova produced? Mention Primary oocysts, secondary oocysts, polar bodies, and ova

A

When activated by hormones the primary oocyst divides by meiosis into one small polar body and one large secondary oocyst. The secondary oocysts and the polar body then divide by mitosis producing three small polar bodies and one large ova.

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14
Q

Function of the testes/gonads? x2

A

(1) spermatozoa production.

(2) production of androgens (male sex hormones), eg testosterone.

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15
Q

What are interstitial cells, where are they located?

A

They are the cells that produce androgens and are located between the seminiferous tubules.

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16
Q

What is testosterone responsible for?

A

The shape of a male’s body, protein building, libido.

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the spermatozoa?

A

The acrosome, the midpiece, and the tail.

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18
Q

Where is the nucleus located in a spermatozoa?

A

In the head.

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19
Q

Where are spiral patterns of mitochondria located in the spermatozoa?

A

In the midpiece.

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20
Q

What does the tails of the spermatozoa contain, and why?

A

Musclelike contractile fibrils that propel spermatazoa forward.

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21
Q

Where is the acrosome located and what is it’s function?

A

The acrosome sits on the head of the spermatozoa like a cap. It is filled with digestive enzymes that eats away at the many layers of ova, allowing passage for the spermatozoa.

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22
Q

Where do the testicles originate?

A

In the abdominal cavity near the kidney.

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23
Q

How are the testes attached to the scrotum?

A

via the gubernaculum.

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24
Q

How does the gubernaculum aid in the descent of the testes?

A

The gubernaculum stays relatively the same size as the foetus grows bigger and bigger, slowly pulling the testes caudally and ventrally through the inguinal rings and into the scrotum.

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25
Q

What are the inguinal rings, and where are they located?

A

The inguinal rings are two slits in the abdominal muscle where the testes are pulled into the scrotum.

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26
Q

Function of the cremaster muscle, where is it located?

A

The cremaster muscle adjusts the postition of the testes relative to the body. When it is cold the cremaster muscle contracts, pulling the testes close to the body. When it is hot the cremaster muscle relaxes, allowing the testes to hang away from the body. It passes through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum.

27
Q

Where are androgens produced?

A

In the interstitial cells.

28
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced?

A

In the seminiferous tubes.

29
Q

What is oogenesis? Where does it occur?

A

The process that produces ova, it occurs in the developing follicle.

30
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

In the developing follicle.

31
Q

Where and when are ova produced?

A

In the follicles of the ovaries, every female is born with her lifetime supply of ova.

32
Q

What is a primary oocyte? Mention chromosome number and when/process it divides.

A

An immature cell in the ovary, it contains a diploid chromosome number and it must be activated to divide by meiosis.

33
Q

What is a secondary oocyte? Mention chromosome number and

A

It is the oocyte that is produced alongside a polar body once the primary oocyte has undergone meiosis. It contains a haploid chromosome number.

34
Q

How does the secondary oocyte turn into an ovum?

A

The secondary oocyte and it’s neighboring primary body divide by mitosis and produce three polar bodies and an ovum.

35
Q

Interstitial cells: function and location

A

Production of androgen and located between the seminiferous tubules.

36
Q

Major androgen produced by interstitial cell, and what it influences (3)?

A

Testosterone. Influences body shape, muscle development, and libido.

37
Q

3 parts of the spermatozoon?

A

Acrosome, midpiece, tail.

38
Q

What is the structure and function of the acrosome of the spermatozoon?

A

It is a cap-like structure that contains digestive enzymes that eat through the layers of the ovum allowing the spermatozoon make it to the center.

39
Q

What is the structure and function of the midpiece of the spermatozoon?

A

The midpiece contains many mitochondria that gives the gamete energy to travel to the ovum.

40
Q

What is the structure and function of the tail of the spermatozoon?

A

The tail is covered in many microfibrils that move the tail side to side, allowing the gamete to propel forward.

41
Q

What is the major androgen and what is it responsible for (5)?

A

Testosterone: Initiates spermatogenesis at puberty. Develops sex characteristics. Growth of Repro organs. Anabolic effects throughout body. Libido.

42
Q

What is the androgen FSH, and what is it responsible for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone: Stimulates the growth or the seminiferous tubules.

43
Q

What is the androgen LH, and what is it responsible for?

A

Luteinising Hormone: Stimulates growth and secretions of the interstitial cells to produce male sex hormones.

44
Q

Primary male sex organs

A

Testicles.

45
Q

Accessory male sex organs (4).

A

Scrotum, ducts, glands, penis.

46
Q

Difference between Primary and accessory sex organs?

A

Primary sex organs are responsible for the production of gametes, secondary sex cells are responsible for protecting and transporting gametes.

47
Q

What is cryptorchidism? 2 facts about cryptorchids?

A

When one or both testes are stuck in the abdominal cavity. They still produce sex hormones and are likely to develop cancer.

48
Q

What is a monorchid?

A

When an individual is born with one testicle, the other is just not there. It is very rare.

49
Q

Two types of cells the seminiferous tubule epithelium consists of?

A

Germ cells and sertoli cells.

50
Q

What are germ cells? What do they do?

A

Germ cells are immature spermatozoa that coonstantly divide and migrate to the lumen of the tubule where it matures and grows a tail.

51
Q

What is the function of the sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule?

A

To support and nourish the germ cells.

52
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

It links the testicles to the rest of the body.

53
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain (4)

A

Pampiniform plexis, testicular artery, vans deferens, cremaster muscle.

54
Q

What is the pampiniform plexis, where is it locates, and what is it’s function?

A

The pampiniform plexis is a body of testicular veins twisted together and lining the inner epithelium of the spermatic cord. It helps blood from the body cool down before reaching the testicles by secreting deoxygenated blood into the testicular artery, and sucking oxygenated blood out of the artery.

55
Q

What are the vaginal tunics?

A

Two layers of connective tissue that encase the spermatic cord, scrotum and testicles.

56
Q

What are the vaginal tunics derived from?

A

Layers of peritoneum that were pushed ahead of the testes in the inguinal ring.

57
Q

What are the three parts of the duct system?

A

Epididymus, vans deferens, urethra.

58
Q

What is the function of the duct system?

A

To transport spermatozoa from testes to exterior.

59
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A

It stores spermatozoa, and allows for maturation.

60
Q

What are the three parts of the epididymus and what are its physical characteristics?

A

The head, body and tail. Long, flat, ribbon like tube in the caudal aspect of the testicles.

61
Q

What do the three parts of the epididymus do?

A

The head receives immature sperm, the middle stores and matures the sperm, the tail expells the sperm.

62
Q

What happens if spermatozoa are never ejaculated?

A

They die in the epididymus, are broken down and absorbed back into the lining.

63
Q

What is bilateral cryptorchidism? How does it cause sterility?

A

It is when both testicles are stuck in the abdominal cavity where it is too warm to produce spermatozoa but can continue to produce androgens so the individual will display normal male behaviour but will be unable to produce offspring.

64
Q

What is unilateral crytorchidism?

A

When one testicle is stuck in the abdominal cavity.

Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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